The Physics of Lyotropic Liquid Crystals

This book gives a comprehensive description of the physical properties of lyotropic liquid crystals. Structural features, phase transitions and phase diagrams are discussed in detail. The available experimental data on lyotropic mixtures is presented in the unifying context of the Landau theories. This phenomenological approach is used for establishing connections between structural properties and phase diagrams. The book is suitable for use as a pedagogical introduction to the subject.

Antonio M. Figueiredo Neto is Professor of Physics at Instituto de Fisica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Silvio R. A. Salinas is Professor of Physics at Instituto de Fisica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Lyotropic systems: Main experimental facts and techniques

1

(76)

Introduction

1

(17)

The hydrophobic and hydrophilic effects

2

(1)

Amphiphilic molecules

3

(2)

Definition of a lyotropic mixture

5

(1)

Self-assembled systems

6

(2)

Direct and inverted polymorphism

8

(1)

Lyotropic liquid crystalline phases

9

(2)

Structures and terminology

11

(7)

An introductory example

18

(3)

How to prepare a lyotropic mixture (specially for experimentalists)

18

(1)

The potassium laurate (KL) lyotropic mixtures

19

(2)

The lyotropic mesophases

21

(36)

Micellar isotropic phases

22

(1)

Nematic phases

23

(14)

Cholesteric phases

37

(5)

Lamellar phases

42

(6)

Hexagonal and other two-dimensional ordered phases

48

(4)

Three-dimensionally ordered phases

52

(4)

Lower-symmetry phases

56

(1)

Wetting of lyotropic phases

57

(2)

Nematic phase

58

(1)

Sponge phase

59

(1)

Technological and industrial applications

59

(5)

Velocity gradient sensors

62

(2)

Interfaces with biology

64

(13)

References

68

(9)

Basic concepts of phase transitions

77

(35)

Introduction

77

(1)

Critical and tricritical behavior in simple uniaxial ferromagnetic systems

77

(3)

Phase diagrams with bicritical and tetracritical points

80

(3)

Modulated phases and Lifshitz multicritical points

83

(2)

The nematic-isotropic phase transition and the Maier-Saupe model

85

(6)

The Curie--Weiss model

87

(2)

The Maier--Saupe model

89

(2)

The uniaxial--biaxial phase transition

91

(11)

An extension of the Maier--Saupe model

92

(2)

Maier--Saupe model for a mixture of prolate and oblate micelles

94

(4)

Landau theory of the uniaxial-biaxial transition

98

(4)

The smectic A phase transition

102

(2)

Non-critical order parameters and the reconstruction of the phase diagrams

104

(8)

Compressible Ising model

105

(2)

Ferromagnet in a staggered field

107

(2)

Reconstruction of the lyonematic phase diagrams

109

(1)

References

110

(2)

Phase diagrams of lyotropic mixtures

112

(26)

Introduction

112

(1)

General features of phase diagrams

112

(6)

The Gibbs phase rule

115

(1)

Ternary systems

116

(2)

Experimental phase diagrams

118

(11)

Phase diagrams of binary lyotropic mixtures

118

(3)

Phase diagrams of ternary lyotropic mixtures

121

(4)

Phase diagrams of quaternary lyotropic mixtures

125

(2)

Specific features of the topology of phase diagrams of lyotropic mixtures

127

(2)

Calculations for the phase diagrams of binary lyotropic mixtures

129

(9)

Simple example of a binary phase diagram

130

(2)

Additional examples

132

(1)

An illustrative example: Phase diagram of a mixture of sodium laurate and water

133

(3)

References

136

(2)

Phase transitions between periodically organized lyotropic phases

138

(25)

Introduction

138

(1)

The lamellar-tetragonal transition

139

(4)

The effective thermodynamic potential

142

(1)

Phase transitions between direct and reversed mesophases

143

(5)

Fr-non-invariant systems

144

(1)

Fr-invariant systems

145

(2)

Influence of the Fr-symmetry on some experimental phase diagrams

147

(1)

Lyotropic phases with oriented interfaces

148

(3)

Symmetry-breaking undulation mechanism

149

(1)

Field lines and oriented domains

149

(1)

Symmetry of the mesophases with oriented interfaces

150

(1)

The lamellar--hexagonal phase transition

151

(4)

Phenomenological description of the lamellar-hexagonal transition

151

(2)

Tilted hexagonal phases

153

(2)

The lamellar-cubic phase transition

155

(8)

Symmetry basis of the model

155

(1)

Group-theoretical considerations

156

(3)

The bicontinuous cubic phase

159

(2)

References

161

(2)

The isotropic micellar and bicontinuous phases

163

(27)

Introduction

163

(1)

The micellar L1 and L2 isotropic phases: Experimental facts

163

(11)

Self-assembling of amphiphiles in dilute solutions

164

(5)

Self-organization of amphiphiles in semi-dilute and concentrated regimes

169

(5)

The sponge L3 phase

174

(7)

Light scattering experiments: Osmotic compressibility, diffusion, and relaxation times

174

(3)

Small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering experiments

177

(1)

Electrical conductivity and viscosity measurements

178

(2)

Flow-induced birefringence

180

(1)

Calculations for the sponge phase

181

(9)

The lattice model of random surfaces

181

(2)

Landau expansion and phase diagrams

183

(4)

References

187

(3)

The nematic and cholesteric phases

190

(29)

Introduction

190

(1)

The potassium laurate/decanol/water mixture

190

(10)

Identification of the nematic structures by various experimental techniques

190

(1)

The calamitic, discotic, and biaxial phases

191

(5)

Phenomenological calculations for the nematic transitions

196

(4)

Nematic phases in other lyotropic mixtures

200

(5)

Binary mixtures

200

(1)

Multicomponent mixtures

201

(4)

Lyotropic cholesteric mixtures

205

(14)

An introductory example

206

(3)

Phenomenological theory of the cholesteric transitions

209

(6)

Cholesteric phases in other lyotropic mixtures

215

(1)

References

216

(3)

The lyotropic one-, two- and three-dimensionally ordered phases

219

(35)

Lamellar phases

219

(13)

Introduction

219

(1)

An introductory example: sodium dodecylsulfate-based mixtures

220

(2)

The Lα phase in some lyotropic mixtures

222

(4)

Structures of the lamellar phases

226

(6)

Two- and three-dimensionally ordered phases

232

(22)

Introduction

232

(1)

Two-dimensional phases

232

(10)

Three-dimensionally ordered phases

242

(6)

The mesh phase

248

(1)

References

249

(5)

Recent developments and related areas

254

(47)

Introduction

254

(1)

Magnetic colloids

255

(16)

Definition of a ferrofluid

255

(1)

Surfacted ferrofluids

255

(1)

Ionic ferrofluids

256

(2)

Stability of the colloid

258

(2)

The mechanisms of rotation of the magnetic moment

260

(1)

Thermodiffusion in ferrofluids: The Soret effect

261

(3)

Doping of liquid crystals with ferrofluids

264

(7)

Microemulsions

271

(4)

Phase diagrams

272

(1)

Models and theoretical approaches

273

(2)

Langmuir--Blodgett films

275

(6)

Langmuir films

276

(2)

Deposition of Langmuir-Blodgett films

278

(1)

Characterization of the film

279

(1)

Applications of LB films in the study of lyotropics

280

(1)

Diblock copolymers

281

(5)

Structures of diblock copolymers

282

(4)

New lyotropic-type mixtures

286

(15)

Chromonics

286

(3)

The lyo-banana mesophases

289

(2)

Transparent nematic phase

291

(1)

References

292

(9)

Index

301

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The Physics of Lyotropic Liquid Crystals Phase Transitions and Structural Properties

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials