Psychology and the Legal System

, by Wrightsman, Lawrence S.; Nietzel, Michael T.; Fortu Ne, William H.

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ISBN: 9780534175146 | 0534175147
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 9/1/1993

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This engrossing text examines the legal system through the use of psychological concepts, methods, and research results. It seeks to clarify the basic dilemmas that persist in the legal system and looks at the ethical, moral, legal, and psychological "gray areas" of the law, including coverage of such topics as: competence to stand trial, pretrial publicity and resulting changes in venue, criminal profiling, civil case law and civil procedures, the rights of children, capital punishment, the psychology of criminal trials, the insanity defense, expert forensic testimony, and analysis of eyewitness identification and line-up procedures. This thoroughly updated edition balances discussion of the legal system with psychological theory, concepts, and research.

Information on the Internet	p. xxii
Psychology and the Law: Impossible Choices	p. 1
The Importance of Laws	p. 3
Different Approaches to the Study of the Law	p. 7
Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law	p. 9
The First Dilemma: Rights of Individuals Versus the Common Good	p. 10
The Second Dilemma: Equality Versus Discretion	p. 15
The Third Dilemma: To Discover the Truth or to Resolve Conflicts	p. 19
The Fourth Dilemma: Science Versus the Law as a Source of Decisions	p. 23
Summary	p. 26
Psychologists and the Legal System	p. 28
The Place of Values	p. 29
The Psychologist's Relationship to Society	p. 29
The Psychologist's Relationship to the Law	p. 33
Ethical Considerations in Each Role	p. 42
Summary	p. 48
Legality, Morality, and Justice	p. 49
Legality versus Morality	p. 52
Good Samaritan and Duty to Assist Laws	p. 52
The Development of Conceptions of Morality	p. 58
What Is Justice?	p. 63
Equity Theory: An Attempt to Understand Justice	p. 64
Commonsense Justice: Everyday Intuitions About Fairness	p. 68
Belief in a "Just World"	p. 69
Summary	p. 72
The Legal System and Its Players	p. 74
The Adversarial System	p. 75
Courts	p. 76
Judges	p. 77
The Special Role of Juvenile Courts	p. 80
Alternative Dispute Resolution	p. 85
Lawyers	p. 88
Summary	p. 102
Theories of Crime	p. 104
Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior	p. 106
Sociological Theories of Crime	p. 111
Biological Theories of Crime	p. 115
Psychological Theories of Crime	p. 121
Social-Psychological Theories of Crime	p. 124
Integration of Theories of Crime	p. 132
Summary	p. 136
The Police and the Criminal Justice System	p. 138
Selection of Police Officers	p. 139
The Validity of Police Screening	p. 144
Fitness-for-Duty Evaluations	p. 145
Training of Police Officers	p. 145
Training in Crisis Intervention	p. 146
The Police Officer's Job	p. 154
Stress and the Police	p. 155
Is There a Police Personality?	p. 157
Police-Community Relations	p. 161
Summary	p. 166
Crime Investigation: Witnesses	p. 168
Examples of Mistaken Eyewitness Identification	p. 169
Points at Which a Mistaken Eyewitness Identification Can Occur	p. 171
Procedural Guidelines for Lineups and Photo Spreads	p. 175
Basic Information Processing: Perception and Memory	p. 177
Use of Hypnosis with Eyewitnesses	p. 179
The Eyewitness in the Courtroom	p. 184
Safeguards against Mistaken Identification	p. 185
Children as Witnesses	p. 189
Repressed and Recovered Memories	p. 198
Summary	p. 203
Identification and Evaluation of Criminal Suspects	p. 206
Profiling of Criminal Suspects	p. 207
"Lie Detection" through Use of the Polygraph	p. 212
Use of Confessions	p. 221
Entrapment	p. 230
Summary	p. 234
The Rights of Victims and the Rights of the Accused	p. 236
Fairness to the Accused: The Warren Court Decisions	p. 237
The Shift in Supreme Court Decisions	p. 243
The Fourth Amendment Today	p. 250
The Rights of Victims and Potential Victims	p. 253
Advantages to the Prosecution and to the Defense in a Criminal Trial	p. 257
The Future of the Dilemma	p. 257
Summary	p. 258
Between Arrest and Trial	p. 260
Steps between Arrest and Trial	p. 261
The Decision to Set Bail	p. 267
The Role of the Grand Jury	p. 273
Plea Bargaining	p. 274
Pretrial Publicity	p. 278
Summary	p. 289
Forensic Assessment in Criminal Cases: Competence and Insanity	p. 291
The Scope of Forensic Psychology	p. 293
Competence	p. 294
The Insanity Defense	p. 311
Summary	p. 330
Forensic Assessment in Civil Cases	p. 332
Psychological Damages to Civil Plaintiffs	p. 333
Workers' Compensation	p. 339
Civil Competencies	p. 342
Psychological Autopsies	p. 345
Child Custody and Parental Fitness	p. 346
Civil Commitment and Risk Assessment	p. 350
Experts in the Adversarial System	p. 355
Summary	p. 357
The Trial Process	p. 359
What Is the Purpose of a Trial?	p. 360
Steps in the Trial Process	p. 363
Judges' Decisions versus Juries' Decisions	p. 366
Jury Nullification	p. 373
Summary	p. 381
Jury Trials I: Jury Representativeness and Selection	p. 383
The O. J. Simpson Criminal Trial as an Illustration of Jury Selection	p. 384
General Problems in Forming a Jury Panel	p. 386
Voir Dire: A Reasonable Process with Unreasonable Outcomes?	p. 391
"Scientific Jury Selection": Does It Work Any Better?	p. 403
Lawyers, Psychologists, and Ethics: Problems with Jury Selection	p. 405
Summary	p. 406
Jury Trials II: Concerns and Reforms	p. 408
The Concern that Juries Are Not Competent	p. 411
The Concern that Juries Are Biased	p. 431
Jury Reform	p. 435
The Jury: Should It Be Venerated or Vilified? Revered or Reviled?	p. 440
Summary	p. 440
Psychology of Victims	p. 442
Perceptions of Victims	p. 443
Offenders as Victims	p. 443
Types of Victims	p. 444
Sexual Harassment	p. 445
Battered Women	p. 451
Victims of Violent Crime	p. 455
Physical/Sexual Abuse of Children	p. 456
Violent Victimization and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder	p. 458
The Psychology of Rape	p. 460
Summary	p. 472
Punishment and Sentencing	p. 474
Responses to Crime: The Issue of Crime Control	p. 475
Sentencing: Difficult Choices	p. 477
Determinants of Sentencing: Relevant and Irrelevant	p. 481
Disparities in Judges' Sentences	p. 483
Possible Sources of Bias in Judges	p. 483
The Sentencing Process	p. 485
Special Punishments: The Sentencing of Sex Offenders	p. 486
The Death Penalty: The Ultimate Punishment	p. 490
Death Qualification and "Death-Qualified" Jurors	p. 498
The Rights of Prisoners	p. 504
Summary	p. 507
Glossary	p. 509
References	p. 519
Name Index	p. 559
Subject Index	p. 570
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

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Psychology and the Legal System

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