Geospatial Data Infrastructure Concepts, Cases, and Good Practice

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ISBN: 9780198233817 | 0198233817
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 10/19/2000

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This book provides a clear conceptual framework, consistent terminology, reference cases, and recommended practices for design, implementation, and management of GII. It is meant for professionals in higher education, practitioners faced with the design, implementation, and maintenance of GII in municipalities, other levels of government and private sector enterprise, as well as the international financial institutions involved with underwriting GII projects.

List of Contributors

xix

List of Figures

xxiv

List of Tables

xxvii

List of Abbreviations

xxix

Introduction

Richard Groot

John McLaughlin

The challenge

(1)

The motivation to write this book

(1)

What is geospatial data?

(1)

Towards the Geospatial Data Infrastructure concept

(1)

Terminology

(2)

Direction and contents of the book

(7)

Bibliography

(2)

Who wants a GDI?

Lance McKee

Introduction

(3)

Synthesis of geospatial information with other information

(1)

Mobile, wireless, and location-aware devices

(1)

Commerce in geospatial information products and services

(1)

Geospatial becomes mundane

(1)

The progress will be chaotic

(2)

Two examples

(3)

Shaping the inevitable commercial development of the GDI

(3)

Effects on society

(3)

Bibliography

(1)

Policy framework for GDI

GDI from a legal perspective

Jan Kabel

Introduction

(2)

Commercialization of public sector information

(4)

Pros and cons

(1)

What guidelines are available?

(1)

Freedom of information

(1)

Democratic access rights used for commercial purposes: different views

(1)

A level playing field: unfair competition and commercialization of public information

(1)

Protection of investments in geospatial databases

(2)

Methods of protection

(1)

The extraction right

(1)

The other side: freedom of information versus protection of investments

(1)

Privacy and protection of personal data

(3)

Ratio and scope of protection

(2)

Principles of protection

(1)

Specific problems

(1)

Free flow of personal data

(1)

Liability of intermediaries

(1)

Conclusion

(3)

Acknowledgement

(1)

Bibliography

(2)

Funding an NGDI

David Rhind

Introduction

(1)

The definition of NGDI

(1)

The NGDI players

(1)

The distribution of expenditures in an NGDI

(5)

The cost of raw data capture or maintenance

(1)

The cost of the physical infrastructure

(1)

The cost of people

(1)

Other costs

(1)

So how much does NGDI cost currently?

(2)

Who pays and how is the money raised?

(2)

Different funding models

(3)

Arguments for cost recovery by public sector bodies

(1)

Arguments for dissemination of data at zero or copying cost by public bodies

(1)

Measuring the benefits of an NGDI

(1)

The global GDI

(1)

Conclusion

(4)

Acknowledgements

(1)

Bibliography

(2)

The role of standards in support of GDI

Peter L. Croswell

Introduction

(3)

Developers of standards

(2)

Overview of standards organizations

(1)

National government organizations

(1)

Independent standards bodies

(1)

Industry consortia and trade associations

(1)

Professional organizations

(1)

Types of standards impacting GDI

(15)

Hardware and physical connection standards

(4)

Communication and network management standards

(2)

Operating system software standards

(1)

Core operating system issues

(1)

System and network management

(1)

Object management architectures

(1)

User interface

(1)

Data format, exchange, and access

(1)

Geospatial data exchange

(1)

Attribute data access and exchange

(1)

Programming and application development standards

(1)

User design standards

(1)

Database schemas

(1)

Geospatial data coding and classification

(1)

Geospatial metadata

(1)

Map compilation and map accuracy standards

(2)

Map presentation standards

(1)

A practical context for adoption and implementation of standards

(1)

Outline for a geospatial data standards manual

(7)

Introduction

(1)

Hardware and network standards

(1)

System administration standards

(1)

Software and application standards

(1)

Data format standards

(1)

Data compilation and update standards

(1)

Product presentation standards

(1)

System access and data/product distribution standards

(1)

Bibliography

(4)

Quality management in GDI

Mark Doucette

Chris Paresi

Introduction

(1)

The evolving GDI environment

(1)

Integrity of GDI

(4)

Lineage

(1)

Consistency

(1)

Completeness

(1)

Semantic accuracy

(1)

Temporal accuracy

(1)

Positional accuracy

(1)

Attribute accuracy

(1)

Some issues of standards

(1)

Users of geospatial data infrastructure

(2)

Presentation issues relating to geospatial data infrastructure

(1)

The International Organization for Standardization

(4)

Bibliography

(2)

Anticipating cultural factors of GDI

Willem van den Toorn

Erik de Man

Introduction

(2)

The role of culture

(1)

Cultural typology of recipient conditions

(4)

Hofstede's 4D model

(2)

Potential influence of culture on practices of geospatial data technologies

101

(1)

GIS properties

102

(1)

Cultural typology of regional groups of countries

103

(1)

Matching recipient culture and GIS properties---an exploration of cultural desirability

103

(3)

Culture's impact on the functionality of GIS; social desirability of the technology

104

(1)

Desirability of GIS

105

(1)

Feasibility of the introduction and implementation of geospatial data technologies

106

(3)

Conclusion

109

(4)

Bibliography

110

(3)

Technology framework for GDI

The foundation technologies

Wolfgang Kainz

Introduction

113

(1)

System architecture

113

(2)

Stand-alone computers

114

(1)

Client--server architecture

114

(1)

Computer networks

115

(13)

Transmission media

116

(1)

Twisted pair

116

(1)

Coaxial cable

116

(1)

Fibre optics

116

(1)

Wireless transmission

117

(1)

Network hardware

118

(1)

Local area networks (LANs)

119

(1)

Wide area networks (WANs)

119

(1)

Internetworks

120

(1)

Network software

121

(1)

Layer services

121

(1)

The OSI reference model

122

(1)

Physical layer

122

(1)

Data link layer

122

(1)

Network layer

123

(1)

Transport layer

123

(1)

Session layer

124

(1)

Presentation layer

124

(1)

Application layer

124

(1)

The TCP/IP reference model

124

(1)

Internet layer

125

(1)

Transport layer

126

(1)

Application layer

126

(1)

Comparison between the OSI and TCP/IP reference models

127

(1)

The World Wide Web (WWW)

127

(1)

Database technology

128

(3)

Database architectures

129

(1)

Data models

130

(1)

Distributed databases

131

(1)

Clearinghouses

131

(3)

Conclusion

134

(1)

Bibliography

134

(1)

GDI architectures

Yaser Bishr

Mostafa Radwan

Introduction

135

(1)

Framework of data sharing

135

(2)

Heterogeneity issues

137

(1)

Inter-operability and distributed systems

137

(2)

Distributed systems

137

(1)

The client--server model

138

(1)

Inter-operability defined

139

(1)

Components of GDI architecture

139

(3)

Local server

141

(1)

Global server

141

(1)

Multi-level server

141

(1)

Clearinghouse component

142

(6)

Local server

143

(1)

The clearinghouse server

144

(1)

Graphic user interface (GUI)

145

(1)

Metadata

146

(1)

Content of metadata

146

(2)

Geospatial Data Service Centre

148

(1)

Conclusion

149

(2)

Bibliography

149

(2)

Conceptual tools for specifying geospatial descriptions

Martien Molenaar

Introduction

151

(1)

Geographic phenomena and geospatial data modelling

152

(2)

Fields, objects, and geometry

152

(2)

Fields and rasters

154

(2)

The geometry of rasters

155

(1)

The geometry of geospatial objects

156

(4)

Objects represented in rasters

157

(1)

The vector structure

158

(2)

Object hierarchies

160

(7)

Terrain object classes and generalization hierarchies

161

(4)

Aggregation hierarchies

165

(2)

Object associations

167

(1)

Object dynamics

167

(2)

Object definitions and context

169

(2)

Conclusion

171

(4)

Bibliography

172

(3)

Data acquisition and display

Spatial referencing

Marco Hofman

Erik de Min

Ruben Dood

Introduction

175

(1)

Datums

176

(5)

The shape of the Earth

176

(1)

Defining a local datum

177

(1)

Height references

177

(1)

Map projections

178

(1)

Introduction

178

(1)

Distortion

178

(2)

Choosing a projection

180

(1)

Other reference systems

181

(1)

The realization of a datum and a summary of geospatial data acquisition methods

181

(5)

Realizing the datum

181

(1)

Summary of geospatial data acquisition methods

182

(1)

Dynamic positioning

182

(1)

Towards GPS and a new positioning infrastructure

182

(1)

Practical use of GPS

183

(1)

Global Positioning System

183

(1)

Standard Positioning Service

184

(1)

Pseudo-range differential GPS, and the new dynamic spatial referencing infrastructure

184

(1)

Carrier wave phase difference

185

(1)

Dynamic positioning

185

(1)

GLONASS

185

(1)

Conclusions on GPS

186

(1)

Combining data sets

186

(7)

The problem

186

(1)

Description of the cases

187

(1)

Both datums are known, ellipsoids can be transformed into each other

187

(1)

Both datums are known

188

(1)

At least one datum is unknown, and there are corresponding points

189

(3)

Choosing a datum transformation

192

(1)

Heights

192

(1)

Combining or connecting height data

192

(1)

Conclusion

193

(2)

Bibliography

194

(1)

Photogrammetry and remote sensing in support of GDI

Gottfried Konecny

Introduction

195

(1)

Remote sensing and photogrammetry

195

(1)

Geospatial data infrastructure in relation to photogrammetry and remote sensing

196

(2)

Sensors and platforms

198

(4)

Vector data acquisition by map digitizing and photogrammetry

202

(4)

Raster data acquisition by photogrammetry

206

(1)

Digital elevation models by photogrammetry

207

(4)

Thematic data acquisition by remote sensing

211

(1)

Cadastral photogrammetry

212

(1)

Cost considerations

213

(2)

Conclusion

215

(2)

Bibliography

216

(1)

Access to GDI and the function of visualization tools

Menno-Jan Kraak

Introduction

217

(2)

Geospatial data before use

219

(4)

Maps as indexes

220

(1)

Maps for preview

221

(1)

Maps to search

222

(1)

Geospatial data during use

223

(1)

Geospatial data after use

224

(3)

Maps at work: online integration

227

(3)

Conclusion

230

(3)

Bibliography

230

(3)

Human Resources Issues

Human resources issues in the emerging GDI environment

David Coleman

Richard Groot

John McLaughlin

Introduction

233

(1)

The challenges

234

(3)

Economic pressures

234

(1)

Technological advances

235

(1)

Management and institutional issues

236

(1)

Alternative approaches to meeting the challenges

237

(3)

Undergraduate degree courses

237

(1)

Trends in post-graduate courses at universities and other degree-granting international institutions

238

(1)

College diploma courses

239

(1)

Discussion

240

(2)

Conclusion

242

(3)

Bibliography

243

(2)

Four cases

David Finley

Karen Siderelis

Don Grant

Arnold Bregt

Service New Brunswick: the modernization of a land information service

245

(6)

David Finley

Background information

245

(1)

Developing the information infrastructure and building the database

246

(1)

Standards

247

(1)

Management structure

248

(1)

Financial structure

249

(1)

Stakeholder involvement

250

(1)

Measures of success

250

(1)

Summary

250

(1)

Geospatial data infrastructure in North Carolina

251

(4)

Karen Siderelis

Introduction

251

(1)

Management structure

252

(1)

Stakeholders

253

(1)

Purpose of the geospatial data infrastructure

253

(1)

Costs and financing

254

(1)

Success factors

255

(1)

The Public Sector Mapping Agencies of Australia

255

(7)

Don Grant

Meeting a national need

255

(3)

Task management

258

(2)

Previous mapping procedures

260

(1)

Future applications

260

(2)

Conclusion

262

(1)

The Dutch clearinghouse for geospatial information: cornerstone of the national geospatial data infrastructure

262

(7)

Arnold Bregt

Introduction

262

(1)

Pioneer period (1995--1996)

263

(1)

Project period (1996--1997)

264

(1)

Institutionalizing period (1998--)

265

(1)

Conclusion: A personal view

266

(1)

Bibliography

267

(2)

Advancing the GDI concept

John McLaughlin

Richard Groot

Introduction

269

(1)

Progress to date

269

(3)

Lessons learned

272

(1)

Concluding remarks

273

(4)

Bibliography

274

(3)

Index

277

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Geospatial Data Infrastructure Concepts, Cases, and Good Practice

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

FREE SHIPPING

Rent More, Save More! Use code: BBRENTAL

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Geospatial Data Infrastructure Concepts, Cases, and Good Practice

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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