Reactive Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere

The vast family of volatile organic compounds plays a central role in the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere. Reactive Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere provides comprehensive and up-to-date reviews covering all aspects of the behavior, sources, occurrence, and chemistry of these compounds. The book considers both biogenic and anthropogenic sources, plus their effects in the atmosphere at local, regional, and global scales. * Covers a major component of atmospheric chemistry and air pollution * Considers both natural background chemistry and pollution processes * Provides authoritative reviews for a wide range of audiences

Contributors

ix

(2)

Preface

xi

1 Anthropogenic Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds

2

(41)

Ranier Friedrich

Andreas Obermeier

I. Introduction

2

(1)

II. Combustion Processes

3

(10)

III. Mining, Treatment, Storage and Distribution of Fossil Fuels

13

(5)

IV. Solvent Use

18

(5)

V. Industrial Processes

23

(1)

VI. Biological Processes

24

(1)

VII. Modelling Anthropogenic Volatile Organic Compound Emissions

25

(4)

VIII. Emission Data

29

(8)

IX. Conclusions

37

(1)

References

38

(5)

2 Biogenic Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Higher Plants

43

(55)

Ray Fall

I. Introduction

43

(5)

II. Ethylene: A Volatile Plant Hormone

48

(4)

III. Isoprene and Methylbutenol: Light-Dependent Hemiterpenes of Uncertain Function

52

(13)

IV. Monoterpenes: Structurally Diverse, Multifunctional Isoprenoids

65

(6)

V. C(6) Aldehydes and Alchols: Products of Leaf Damage and Membrane Lipid Peroxidation

71

(5)

VI. C(1) to C(3) Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds: By-Products of Central Plant Metabolism

76

(6)

VII. Emission from the Plant to the Atmosphere

82

(4)

VIII. Concluding Remarks and Uncertainties

86

(5)

References

91

(7)

3 Modeling Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound Emissions to the Atmosphere

98

(22)

Alex Guenther

I. Emission Modeling

98

(3)

II. Isoprene

101

(10)

III. Monoterpenes

111

(2)

IV. Other Volatile Organic Compounds

113

(2)

V. Conclusions

115

(1)

References

116

(4)

4 The Sampling and Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere

120

(40)

Xu-Liang Cao

C. Nicholas Hewitt

I. Introduction

120

(1)

II. Sampling Methods

121

(15)

III. Analytical Methods

136

(16)

IV. Summary

152

(1)

References

153

(7)

5 Reactive Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere at Urban and Regional Scales

160

(50)

Paolo Ciccioli

Enzo Brancaleoni

Massimiliano Frattoni

I. Introduction

160

(3)

II. Volatile Organic Compounds in the Troposphere

163

(17)

III. Reactive Volatile Organic Compounds at the Urban Scale

180

(6)

IV. Reactive Volatile Organic Compounds at the Regional Scale

186

(15)

V. Conclusions

201

(1)

References

201

(9)

6 Global Distribution of Reactive Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere

210

(58)

B. Bonsang

C. Boissard

I. Introduction

210

(1)

II. Campaigns

211

(7)

III. Vertical Distribution

218

(12)

IV. Ground-Level Distributions

230

(28)

V. Conclusions

258

(1)

References

259

(9)

7 Reactive Hydrocarbons and Photochemical Air Pollution

268

(26)

R. G. Derwent

I. Introduction

268

(1)

II. Reactive Hydrocarbons and Photochemical Ozone Formation

269

(15)

III. Reactivity Scales

284

(3)

IV. Conclusions

287

(2)

References

289

(5)

8 Global Atmospheric Chemistry of Reactive Hydrocarbons

294

(27)

John H. Seinfeld

I. Hydroxyl Radical

294

(2)

II. Methane Oxidation

296

(10)

III. Chemical Lifetimes in the Methane Oxidation Chain

306

(1)

IV. Nonmethane Organics in the Global Atmosphere

307

(7)

V. Ozone Formation in the Troposphere

314

(3)

VI. Conclusions

317

(1)

References

317

(4)

Index

321

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Reactive Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere

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Table of Contents

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