Modeling Tools for Environmental Engineers

Modeling Tools for Environmental Engineers and Scientists enables environmental professionals, faculty, and students with minimal computer programming skills to develop computer-based mathematical models for natural and engineered environmental systems. The author illustrates how commercially available syntax-free authoring software can be adapted to create customized, high-level models of environmental phenomena in groundwater, soil, aquatic, and atmospheric systems, and in engineered reactors. This book includes a review of mathematical modeling and fundamental concepts such as material balance, reactor configurations, and fate and transport of environmental contaminants. It illustrates, using numerous examples, how mathematical and dynamic modeling software can be applied in analyzing and simulating natural and engineered environmental systems. The tools and examples included are applicable to a wide range of problems, both in the classroom and in the field.

Preface

ix

Acknowledgments

xi

FUNDAMENTALS

Introduction to Modeling

3

(16)

What is Modeling?

3

(3)

Mathematical Modeling

6

(4)

Environmental Modeling

10

(3)

Objectives of This Book

13

(6)

Appendix 1.1

16

(1)

Appendix 1.2

17

(2)

Fundamentals of Mathematical Modeling

19

(20)

Definitions and Terminology in Mathematical Modeling

19

(2)

Steps in Developing Mathematical Models

21

(8)

Application of the Steps in Mathematical Modeling

29

(10)

Primer on Mathematics

39

(28)

Mathematical Formulations

39

(2)

Mathematical Analysis

41

(1)

Examples of Analytical and Computational Methods

42

(21)

Closure

63

(4)

Fundamentals of Environmental Processes

67

(38)

Introduction

67

(1)

Material Content

68

(4)

Phase Equilibrium

72

(8)

Environmental Transport Processes

80

(3)

Interphase Mass Transport

83

(2)

Environmental Nonreactive Processes

85

(6)

Environmental Reactive Processes

91

(7)

Material Balance

98

(7)

Appendix 4.1

104

(1)

Fundementals of Engineered Environmental Systems

105

(24)

Introduction

105

(1)

Classifications of Reactors

106

(2)

Modeling of Homogeneous Reactors

108

(8)

Modeling of Heterogeneous Reactors

116

(13)

Fundamentals of Natural Environmental Systems

129

(34)

Introduction

129

(1)

Fundamentals of Modeling Soil Systems

130

(19)

Fundamentals of Modeling Aquatic Systems

149

(14)

Appendix 6.1

161

(2)

Software for Developing Mathematical Models

163

(34)

Introduction

163

(2)

Spreadsheet-Based Software

165

(1)

Equation Solver-Based Software

166

(5)

Dynamic Simulation-Based Software

171

(3)

Common Example Problem: Water Quality Modeling in Lakes

174

(15)

Closure

189

(8)

Appendix 7.1

193

(1)

Appendix 7.2

194

(3)

APPLICATIONS

Modeling of Engineered Environmental Systems

197

(56)

Introduction

197

(1)

Modeling Example: Transients in Sequencing Batch Reactors

197

(7)

Modeling Example: CMFRs in Series for Toxicity Management

204

(9)

Modeling Example: Municipal Wastewater Treatment

213

(4)

Modeling Example: Chemical Oxidation

217

(7)

Modeling Example: Analysis of Catalytic Bed Reactor

224

(4)

Modeling Example: Waste Management

228

(1)

Modeling Example: Activated Carbon Treatment

228

(3)

Modeling Example: Bioregeneration of Activated Carbon

231

(5)

Modeling Example: Pipe Flow Analysis

236

(4)

Modeling Example: Oxygen/Nitrogen Transfer in Packed Columns

240

(3)

Modeling Example: Groundwater Flow Management

243

(4)

Modeling Example: Diffusion through Porous Media

247

(6)

Modeling of Natural Environmental Systems

253

(52)

Introduction

253

(1)

Modeling Example: Lakes in Series

253

(6)

Modeling Example: Radionuclides in Lake Sediments

259

(4)

Modeling Example: Algal Growth in Lakes

263

(7)

Modeling Example: Contaminant Transport Visualization

270

(3)

Modeling Example: Methane Emissions from Rice Fields

273

(2)

Modeling Example: Chemical Equilibrium

275

(4)

Modeling Example: Toxicological Exposure Evaluation

279

(3)

Modeling Example: Visualization of Groundwater Flow

282

(4)

Modeling Example: Air Pollution---Puff Model

286

(3)

Modeling Example: Air Pollution---Plume Model

289

(4)

Modeling Example: Fugacity-Based Modeling

293

(4)

Modeling Example: Well Placement and Water Quality Management

297

(8)

Bibliography

305

(4)

Index

309

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Modeling Tools for Environmental Engineers and Scientists

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials