Modern Automotive Electrical Systems

Presenting the concepts and advances of modern automotive electrical systems, this volume, written and edited by a global team of experts, also goes into the practical applications for the engineer, student, and other industry professionals.

In recent decades, the rapid and mature development of electronics and electrical components and systems have inevitably been recognized in the automotive industry. This book serves engineers, scientists, students, and other industry professionals as a guide to learn fundamental and advanced concepts and technologies with modelling simulations and case studies. After reading this book, users will have understood the main electrical and electronic components used in electric vehicles (EVs).

In this new volume are many fundamentals and advances of modern automotive electrical systems, such as advanced technologies in modern automotive electrical systems, electrical machines characterization and their drives technology for EVs, modeling and analysis of energy storage systems, applied artificial intelligence techniques for energy management systems, fault detection and isolation in electric powertrains, and thermal management for automotive electrical systems.

Also covered are new innovations, such as the use of power electronics in low and high voltage circuits, electrified propulsion systems, energy storage systems, and intelligent energy management methods in EVs. Valuable as a learning tool for beginners in this area as well as a daily reference for engineers and scientists working in these areas, this is a must-have for any library.

Pedram Asef, PhD, is an assistant professor in electrical engineering in the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, in the UK and is also affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Automotive Propulsion Systems (IAAPS). He received his PhD in electrical engineering from the Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Spain. He is a Fellow of the Higher Education Academy (FHEA), a Charted Engineer (CEng) registered by the Engineering Council, and an endorsed researcher by the Royal Academy of Engineering, in the UK. He is an editor for numerous scientific journals in this area and is a chair and committee member of multiple IEEE International conferences.

Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, PhD, is a faculty member with the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark and works with CTIF Global Capsule (CGC), Department of Business Development and Technology, Aarhus University, Denmark. He received his PhD in electrical engineering from the University of Bologna, Italy. He has almost ten years of teaching, research and industrial experience and is an associate editor on a number of international scientific refereed journals. He has published more than 300 research papers and has won numerous awards for his research and teaching.

Andrew Lapthorn, PhD, is a senior lecturer with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, where he also manages the High Voltage Laboratory. He received his PhD degree in electrical engineering from the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.

1 General Introduction and Classification of Electrical Powertrains 1
Johannes J.H. Paulides, Laurentiu Encica, Sebastiaan van der Molen and Bruno Ricardo Marques

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Worldwide Background for Change 6

1.3 Influence of Electric Vehicles on Climate Change 12

1.4 Mobility Class Based on Experience in the Netherlands (Based on EU Model) 13

1.5 Type-Approval Procedure 18

1.6 Torque-Speed Characteristic of the Powertrain for Mobility Vehicles 23

1.7 Methods of Field Weakening Without a Clear Definition 31

1.8 Consideration and Literature Concerning “Electronic” Field Weakening: What Does it Mean? 33

1.9 Summary of Electronic Field Weakening Definitions 35

1.10 Critical Study of Field Weakening Definitions 36

1.11 Motor Limits 40

1.12 Concluding Remarks 49

References 51

2 Comparative Analyses of the Response of Core Temperature of a Lithium Ion Battery under Various Drive Cycles 55
Sumukh Surya and Vineeth Patil

2.1 Introduction 56

2.2 Thermal Modeling 62

2.3 Methodology 63

2.4 Simulation Results 65

2.5 Conclusions 71

References 71

3 Classification and Assessment of Energy Storage Systems for Electrified Vehicle Applications: Modelling, Challenges, and Recent Developments 75
Seyed Ehsan Ahmadi and Sina Delpasand

3.1 Introduction 76

3.2 Backgrounds 79

3.2.1 EV Classifications 79

3.2.2 EV Charging/Discharging Strategies 80

3.2.2.1 Uncontrolled Charge and Discharge Strategies 80

3.2.2.2 Controlled Charge and Discharge Strategies 80

3.2.2.3 Wireless Charging of EV 81

3.2.3 Classification of ESSs in EVs 83

3.3 Modeling of ESSs Applied in EVs 84

3.3.1 Mechanical Energy Storages 84

3.3.1.1 Flywheel Energy Storages 84

3.3.2 Electrochemical Energy Storages 84

3.3.2.1 Flow Batteries 85

3.3.2.2 Secondary Batteries 85

3.3.3 Chemical Storage Systems 92

3.3.4 Electrical Energy Storage Systems 94

3.3.4.1 Ultracapacitors 94

3.3.4.2 Superconducting Magnetic 95

3.3.5 Thermal Storage Systems 95

3.3.6 Hybrid Storage Systems 96

3.3.7 Modeling Electrical Behavior 96

3.3.8 Modeling Thermal Behavior 100

3.3.9 SOC Calculation 102

3.4 Characteristics of ESSs 104

3.5 Application of ESSs in EVs 105

3.6 Methodologies of Calculating the SOC 106

3.6.1 Current-Based SOC Calculation Approach 107

3.6.2 Voltage-Based SOC Calculation Approach 108

3.6.3 Extended Kalman-Filter-Based SOC Calculation Approach 110

3.6.4 SOC Calculation Approach Based on the Transient Response Characteristics 113

3.6.5 Fuzzy Logic 115

3.6.6 Neural Networks 116

3.7 Estimation of Battery Power Availability 116

3.7.1 PNGV HPPC Power Availability Estimation Approach 116

3.7.2 Revised PNGV HPPC Power Availability Estimation Approach 117

3.7.3 Power Availability Estimation Based on the Electrical Circuit Equivalent Model 119

3.8 Life Prediction of Battery 121

3.8.1 Aspects of Battery Life 121

3.8.1.1 Temperature 122

3.8.1.2 Depth of Discharge 122

3.8.1.3 Charging/Discharging Rate 123

3.8.2 Battery Life Prediction Approaches 124

3.8.2.1 Physic-Chemical Aging Method 124

3.8.2.2 Event-Oriented Aging Method 124

3.8.2.3 Lifetime Prediction Method Based on SOL 125

3.8.3 RUL Prediction Methods 132

3.8.3.1 Machine Learning Methods 132

3.8.3.2 Adaptive Filter Methods 132

3.8.3.3 Stochastic Process Methods 133

3.9 Recent Trends, Future Extensions, and Challenges of ESSs in EV Implementations 133

3.10 Government Policy Challenges for EVs 137

3.11 Conclusion 138

References 139

4 Thermal Management of the Li-Ion Batteries to Improve the Performance of the Electric Vehicles Applications 149
Hamidreza Behi, Foad H. Gandoman, Danial Karimi, md Sazzad Hosen, Mohammadreza Behi, Joris Jaguemont, Joeri Van Mierlo and Maitane Berecibar

4.1 Introduction 151

4.2 The Objective of the Research 153

4.3 Electric Vehicles Trend 153

4.4 Thermal Management of the Li-Ion Batteries 154

4.4.1 Internal Battery Thermal Management System 154

4.4.2 External Battery Thermal Management System 155

4.4.2.1 Active Cooling Systems 155

4.4.2.2 Passive Cooling Systems 163

4.5 Lifetime Performance of Li-Ion Batteries 170

4.5.1 Why Do Batteries Age? 171

4.5.2 Characterisation Techniques of Aging 171

4.5.3 Lifetime Tests Protocols of the Li-Ion Batteries 172

4.5.4 Lifetime Results of Different Li-Ion Technologies 174

4.6 Basic Aspects of Safety and Reliability Evaluation of EVs 175

4.6.1 Concept Reliability Analysis of Battery Pack from Thermal Aspects 176

4.6.2 Reliability Assessment of the Li-Ion Battery at High and Low Temperatures 177

4.7 Conclusion 179

References 180

5 Fault Detection and Isolation in Electric Vehicle Powertrain 193
Gbanaibolou Jombo and Yu Zhang

5.1 Introduction 194

5.1.1 EV Powertrain Configurations 194

5.1.1.1 Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) 196

5.1.1.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) 197

5.1.1.3 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) 199

5.1.2 EV Powertrain Technologies 199

5.1.2.1 Energy Storage System 199

5.1.2.2 Electric Motor 201

5.1.2.3 Power Electronics 202

5.2 Battery Fault Diagnosis 203

5.2.1 Battery Management System (BMS) 203

5.2.2 Model-Based FDI Approach 206

5.2.2.1 Battery Modelling 206

5.2.3 Signal Processing-Based FDI Approach 211

5.2.3.1 State of Charge (SOC) Estimation 212

5.2.3.2 State of Health Estimation 213

5.3 Electric Motor Fault Diagnosis 213

5.3.1 Electric Motor Faults 213

5.3.1.1 Mechanical Fault 213

5.3.1.2 Electrical Fault 213

5.3.2 Signal Processing-Based FDI Approach 214

5.3.2.1 Motor Current Signature Analysis (MSCA) 214

5.4 Power Electronics Fault Diagnosis 218

5.4.1 Signal Processing-Based FDI Approach 219

5.4.1.1 Open Switch Fault 219

5.4.1.2 Short Switch Fault 221

5.5 Conclusions 222

References 222

Index 227

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