Radiowave Propagation Physics and Applications

, by Levis, Curt; Johnson, Joel T.; Teixeira, Fernando L.

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ISBN: 9780470542958 | 0470542950
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/1/2010

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Radiowave Propagation provides an overview of the physical mechanisms governing electromagnetic wave propagation in the Earth's troposphere and ionosphere. With an accessible and student-oriented approach, this textbook explores a wide range of topics in a combination of physical and empirical descriptions. Student-approved by Ohio State University, this source presents current empirical information, helping students to strengthen their electromagnetic physics skills. Both engineers and students will find the balance of physical and empirical models provides the basic physical insight as well as practical means for the computations needed in system design.

Preface	p. xi
Introduction	p. 1
Definition of Propagation	p. 1
Propagation and Systems Design	p. 2
Historical Perspective	p. 3
The Influence of Signal Frequency and Environment	p. 4
Propagation Mechanisms	p. 6
Summary	p. 12
Sources of Further Information	p. 14
Overview of Text	p. 15
Characterization of Propagation Media	p. 17
Introduction	p. 17
Maxwell's Equations, Boundary Conditions, and Continuity	p. 17
Constitutive Relations	p. 19
Dielectric Behavior of Materials: Material Polarization	p. 20
Material Properties	p. 21
Simple Media	p. 22
Magnetic and Conductive Behavior of Materials	p. 30
Equivalence of Ohmic and Polarization Losses	p. 30
References	p. 34
Plane Waves	p. 36
Introduction	p. 36
D'Alembert's Solution	p. 37
Pure Traveling Waves	p. 39
Information Transmission	p. 41
Sinusoidal Time Dependence in an Ideal Medium	p. 42
Plane Waves in Lossy and Dispersive Media	p. 46
Phase and Group Velocity	p. 49
Wave Polarization	p. 52
References	p. 55
Antenna and Noise Concepts	p. 56
Introduction	p. 56
Antenna Concepts	p. 56
Basic Parameters of Antennas	p. 57
Receiving Antennas	p. 62
Noise Considerations	p. 66
Internal Noise	p. 66
External Noise	p. 68
References	p. 75
Direct Transmission	p. 76
Introduction	p. 76
Friis Transmission Formula	p. 77
Including Losses in the Friis Formula	p. 78
Atmospheric Gas Attenuation Effects	p. 80
Total Attenuation on Horizontal or Vertical Atmospheric Paths	p. 82
Total Attenuation on Slant Atmospheric Paths	p. 83
Attenuation at Higher Frequencies and Further Information Sources	p. 84
Rain Attenuation	p. 85
Describing Rain	p. 87
Computing Rain Specific Attenuation	p. 89
A Simplified Form for Rain Specific Attenuation	p. 90
Computing the Total Path Attenuation Through Rain	p. 92
Attenuation Statistics	p. 96
Frequency Scaling	p. 97
Rain Margin Calculations: An Example	p. 98
Site Diversity Improvements	p. 99
Scintillations	p. 102
Look Angles to Geostationary Satellites	p. 103
References	p. 105
Reflection and Refraction	p. 106
Introduction	p. 106
Reflection from a Planar Interface: Normal Incidence	p. 106
Reflection from a Planar Interface: Oblique Incidence	p. 108
Plane of Incidence	p. 109
Perpendicular Polarized Fields in Regions 1 and 2	p. 110
Phase Matching and Snell's Law	p. 111
Perpendicular Reflection Coefficient	p. 113
Parallel Polarized Fields in Regions 1 and 2	p. 113
Parallel Reflection Coefficient	p. 115
Summary of Reflection Problem	p. 115
Total Reflection and Critical Angle	p. 118
Refraction in a Stratified Medium	p. 120
Refraction Over a Spherical Earth	p. 121
Refraction in the Earth's Atmosphere	p. 127
Ducting	p. 129
Ray-Tracing Methods	p. 132
References	p. 134
Terrain Reflection and Diffraction	p. 135
Introduction	p. 135
Propagation Over a Plane Earth	p. 136
Field Received Along Path R₁: The Direct Ray	p. 137
Field Received Along Path R₂: The Reflected Ray	p. 138
Total Field	p. 138
Height-Gain Curves	p. 140
Fresnel Zones	p. 141
Propagation Over a Plane Earth Revisited in Terms of Fresnel Zones	p. 144
Earth Curvature and Path Profile Construction	p. 145
Microwave Link Design	p. 147
Distance to the Radio Horizon	p. 149
Height-Gain Curves in the Obstructed Region	p. 151
Height-Gain Curves in the Reflection Region	p. 154
Path Loss Analysis Examples	p. 154
Numerical Methods for Path Loss Analysis	p. 158
Conclusion	p. 160
References	p. 160
Empirical Path Loss and Fading Models	p. 161
Introduction	p. 161
Empirical Path Loss Models	p. 162
Review of the Flat Earth Direct plus Reflected Model	p. 163
Empirical Model Forms	p. 164
Okumura-Hata Model	p. 164
COST-231/Hata Model	p. 166
Lee Model	p. 167
Site-General ITU Indoor Model	p. 168
Other Models for Complex Terrain	p. 168
An Example of Empirical Path Loss Model Usage	p. 168
Signal Fading	p. 170
A Brief Review of Probability Theory	p. 172
Statistical Characterization of Slow Fading	p. 174
Statistical Characterization of Narrowband Fast Fading	p. 176
Example Fading Analyses	p. 183
Narrowband Fading Mitigation Using Diversity Schemes	p. 184
Wideband Channels	p. 185
Coherence Bandwidth and Delay Spread	p. 185
Coherence Time and Doppler Spread	p. 186
Conclusion	p. 187
References	p. 187
Groundwave Propagation	p. 189
Introduction	p. 189
Planar Earth Groundwave Prediction	p. 190
Elevated Antennas: Planar Earth Theory	p. 194
Spherical Earth Groundwave Prediction	p. 196
Methods for Approximate Calculations	p. 199
A 1 MHz Sample Calculation	p. 200
A 10 MHz Sample Calculation	p. 203
ITU Information and Other Resources	p. 204
Summary	p. 205
Spherical Earth Groundwave Computations	p. 211
References	p. 213
Characteristics of the Ionosphere	p. 214
Introduction	p. 214
The Barometric Law	p. 215
Chapman's Theory	p. 218
Introduction	p. 218
Mathematical Derivation	p. 219
Structure of the Ionosphere	p. 226
Variability of the Ionosphere	p. 229
References	p. 233
Ionospheric Propagation	p. 235
Introduction	p. 235
Dielectric Properties of an Ionized Medium	p. 237
Propagation in a Magnetoionic Medium	p. 240
Mathematical Derivation of the Appleton-Hartree Equation	p. 241
Physical Interpretation	p. 247
Ordinary and Extraordinary Waves	p. 247
The Q_L and Q_T Approximations	p. 248
Ionospheric Propagation Characteristics	p. 249
Ionospheric Sounding	p. 250
Ionograms	p. 251
Examples of Actual Ionograms	p. 254
The Secant Law	p. 257
Transmission Curves	p. 258
Breit and Tuve's Theorem	p. 260
Martyn's Theorem on Equivalent Virtual Heights	p. 261
MUF, "Skip" Distance, and Ionospheric Signal Dispersion	p. 262
Earth Curvature Effects and Ray-Tracing Techniques	p. 266
Ionospheric Propagation Prediction Tools	p. 267
Ionospheric Absorption	p. 268
Ionospheric Effects on Earth-Space Links	p. 270
Faraday Rotation	p. 271
Group Delay and Dispersion	p. 273
Ionospheric Scintillations	p. 275
Attenuation	p. 277
Ionospheric Refraction	p. 278
Monitoring TEC Distribution	p. 278
References	p. 280
Other Propagation Mechanisms and Applications	p. 282
Introduction	p. 282
Tropospheric Scatter	p. 282
Introduction	p. 282
Empirical Model for the Median Path Loss	p. 285
Fading in Troposcatter Links	p. 285
Meteor Scatter	p. 286
Tropospheric Delay in Global Satellite Navigation Systems	p. 288
Propagation Effects on Radar Systems	p. 291
References	p. 293
Index	p. 295
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Radiowave Propagation Physics and Applications

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