Characterization of Ceramics

, by Loehman, Ronald E.; Fitzpatrick, Lee E.

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ISBN: 9781606501948 | 1606501941
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/1/2009

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Engineers and scientists who frequently deal with ceramics are unlikely to be aware of the full range of characterization techniques applicable for finding surface and microanalytical information on their materials. Characterization of Ceramics discusses areas of ceramics where surface and analytical information are important to processing and determination of properties. This unique reference presents material through case histories to illustrate the applicability of different analytical techniques to ceramics. Different techniques are compared and contrasted to give the reader sufficient basis for selecting one over another. Each chapter begins with brief background information on the topic, followed by a more extensive discussion of applications and benefits of the techniques. Book jacket.

Preface to the Reissue of the Materials Characterization Series	p. xi
Preface to Series	p. xii
Preface to the Reissue of Characterization of Ceramics	p. xiii
Preface	p. xiv
Contributors	p. xvii
Powder and Precursor Preparation by Solution Techniques
Introduction	p. 1
Mixed Oxide Processing	p. 2
Chemical Synthesis of Powders	p. 2
Powder Characterization	p. 3
Physical Characteristics	p. 3
Chemical Properties	p. 4
Precursor Powder Synthesis	p. 8
Speciation and Supersaturation	p. 8
Growth	p. 10
Nucleation	p. 19
Agglomeration	p. 22
Summary	p. 23
Powder Preparation by Gas-Phase Techniques
Introduction	p. 29
Powder Production by Thermal Decomposition Techniques	p. 30
Aerosol Precursor Processes	p. 30
Vapor Precursor Processes	p. 33
Powder Production by Plasma Techniques	p. 35
Powder Production by Supercritical Fluid Techniques	p. 37
Powder Characterization	p. 39
Summary	p. 40
Formation of Ceramic Films and Coatings
Introduction	p. 43
Film Deposition and Coating Processes	p. 44
Physical Vapor Deposition	p. 44
Chemical Vapor Deposition	p. 45
Solution and Sol-Gel Techniques	p. 45
Thermal Spray Processing	p. 46
Hard Carbon Coatings	p. 46
Physical Characterization	p. 47
Density, Porosity and Voids	p. 47
Morphology	p. 48
Thickness	p. 48
Surface Finish	p. 49
Chemical Characterization	p. 50
Elemental Analysis	p. 50
Chemical State Analysis	p. 53
Microstructure	p. 56
Mechanical Characterization	p. 57
Adhesion	p. 57
Hardness	p. 59
Internal Stress	p. 60
Summary	p. 60
Consolidation of Ceramic Thick Films
Introduction	p. 63
Thick Film Processing	p. 64
Characterization of Ceramic Thick Film Consolidation	p. 65
Characterization of Films Before Thermal Processing	p. 65
Characterization of Thick Films During Thermal Processing	p. 68
Characterization of Sintered Thick Films	p. 70
Summary	p. 75
Consolidation of Bulk Ceramics
Introduction	p. 77
Ceramic Consolidation	p. 78
Green Body Fabrication	p. 78
Pre-Sinter Thermal Processing	p. 79
Sintering/Thermal Consolidation	p. 80
Characterization of Ceramics	p. 82
Characteristics and Characterization of Green Ceramic Compacts	p. 83
Characterization of Pre-Sinter Thermal Processes	p. 90
Characteristics and Characterization of Sintered Ceramics	p. 90
Summary	p. 96
Inorganic Glasses and Glass-Ceramics
Introduction	p. 103
Possible Surface Analytical Artifacts	p. 104
XPS Studies of Bonding in Glass	p. 108
Corrosion in Water	p. 110
Water Vapor	p. 111
Aqueous Solutions	p. 112
Glass Crystallization	p. 114
Ceramic Microstructures
Introduction	p. 119
Bulk Microstructural Features	p. 120
Grain Size, Shape, and Growth	p. 120
Connectivity	p. 122
Boundary Layers and Inclusions	p. 123
Porosity and Density	p. 123
Interfaces and Planar Defects	p. 124
Grain Boundaries and Domain Boundaries	p. 124
Heterogeneous Interfaces	p. 125
Stacking Faults and Twins	p. 126
Dislocations	p. 127
Methods of Phase Identification	p. 129
Phase Distribution	p. 130
Crystal Structure of Phases	p. 131
Chemical Composition of Phases	p. 132
Stereology for Phase Quantification	p. 133
Grain Size and Mean Lineal Intercept	p. 134
Volume Fraction of Phases	p. 135
Summary	p. 135
Ceramic Reactions and Phase Behavior
Introduction	p. 137
Starting Materials	p. 140
Phase Equilibria	p. 140
General Aspects	p. 140
Determining the Chemical and Structural Aspects	p. 141
Determining the Physical Variables	p. 154
Rates and Mechanisms of Reaction	p. 156
General Considerations	p. 156
Decomposition of Precursors	p. 158
Solid-Solid Reactions	p. 161
Solid-Liquid Reactions	p. 164
Solid-Gas Reactions	p. 165
Summary	p. 166
Mechanical Properties and Fracture
Introduction	p. 169
The Fracture Process	p. 169
Mechanical Strength of Brittle Materials	p. 169
Flaws, Statistics of Fracture, and Measurement Techniques	p. 171
Subcritical Crack Growth	p. 173
Generation of Fracture Surface Features	p. 174
Features Produced by Crack Interactions	p. 174
Mist and Velocity Hackle	p. 178
Procedures and Equipment Used in Fractography	p. 181
Applications of Fractography	p. 182
Failure Analysis Using Fractography	p. 182
The Use of Fractography in Design Development	p. 182
Fractography in Materials Development	p. 186
Fractography in Materials Research	p. 187
Ceramic Composites
Introduction	p. 189
Mechanical Properties of Ceramic Composites	p. 191
R-Curve Behavior	p. 191
Creep	p. 193
Fracture Toughess	p. 195
Flaws	p. 198
Fatigue Crack Propagation Resistance	p. 199
Fracture Mode	p. 200
Adhesion	p. 201
Oxidation Resistance of Ceramic Composites	p. 202
Electrical Properties of Ceramic Composites	p. 204
Piezoelectricity	p. 204
Voltage-Dependent Conductivity	p. 205
Summary	p. 206
Glass and Ceramic Joints
Introduction	p. 211
Characterization of Interfaces	p. 212
Methods of Joining	p. 213
Mechanical Joining	p. 213
Direct Joining	p. 214
Indirect Joining	p. 214
Fundamentals of Interfacial Bonding: Wetting and Spreading	p. 216
Reactive Metal Brazing of Aluminum Nitride	p. 219
Wetting Studies	p. 219
Interfacial Reactions	p. 222
XPS Characterization of Ti-AlN Interfaces	p. 223
TEM Characterization of Ti-AlN Interfaces	p. 224
Summary	p. 225
Electronic and Magnetic Ceramics
Introduction	p. 229
Insulators and Capacitor Materials	p. 230
Ceramic Insulators	p. 230
Ceramic Capacitor Materials	p. 232
Piezoelectrics	p. 234
Pyroelectric Ceramics	p. 236
Ferroelectric Ceramics	p. 237
Ceramic Superconductors	p. 238
Ferrites	p. 239
Ceramic Sensors	p. 241
Ceramic Thin Films	p. 242
Nondestructive Evaluation
Introduction	p. 253
X-ray Techniques	p. 255
Radiography	p. 255
Tomography	p. 256
Ultrasonic Techniques	p. 257
Background	p. 257
Ultrasonic Time of Flight	p. 258
Ultrasonic Spectroscopy	p. 259
Scanning Laser Acoustic Microscopy (SLAM)	p. 260
Acoustic Microscopy	p. 260
Ultrasonic Birefringence	p. 261
Other Techniques	p. 261
Strain-Induced Optical Birefringence	p. 261
Penetrant Techniques	p. 261
Photoacoustic Microscopy	p. 262
Infrared Microscopy	p. 262
Acoustic Emission	p. 262
Shearography	p. 263
Lattice Distortion	p. 263
Summary	p. 264
Appendix: Technique Summaries
Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES)	p. 269
Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy in the Transmission Electron Microscope (EELS)	p. 270
Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis (EPMA)	p. 271
Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS)	p. 272
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)	p. 273
Light Microscopy	p. 274
Neutron Diffraction	p. 275
Physical and Chemical Adsorption for the Measurement of Solid State Areas	p. 276
Raman Spectroscopy	p. 277
Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS)	p. 278
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)	p. 279
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM)	p. 280
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Scanning Force Microscopy (STM and SFM)	p. 281
Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)	p. 282
Surface Roughness: Measurement, Formation by Sputtering, Impact on Depth Profiling	p. 283
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)	p. 284
Variable-Angle Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (VASE)	p. 285
X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)	p. 286
X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)	p. 287
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)	p. 288
Index	p. 289
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Characterization of Ceramics

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