Histology

, by Henrikson, Ray C., Ph.D.; Kaye, Gordon I.; Mazurkiewicz, Joseph E., Ph.D.

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ISBN: 9780683062250 | 0683062255
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 7/1/1997

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The purpose of this book is twofold: The concise presentation in outline format enables the student initially to gain an overview of histology and later to review the discipline. This is particularly important in today's biomedical curriculum because of the reduction in time devoted to basic sciences and the dispersal of specific disciplinary materials into evolving, nontraditional curricula. Second, the inclusion of approximately 300 study questions, and integration of their answers with the text, enables the student to review histology, in a timely and efficient manner, in the context of licensing and other comprehensive examinations.

Preface

xiii

(2)

Acknowledgments

1 Membrane Structure and Cell Surface

(12)

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Organization of biological membranes

(3)

III. Plasma membrane functions in cell regulation and signaling

(1)

IV. Endocytosis: transport of macromolecules and particles

(3)

V. Plasma membrane surface structures

(5)

2 Cytoplasmic Organelles and Inclusions

(12)

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Endoplasmic reticulum

(4)

III. Golgi apparatus

(2)

IV. Mitochondria

(2)

V. Peroxisomes

(1)

VI. Lysosomes

(2)

VII. Particles and inclusions

(1)

3 Cytoskeleton

(10)

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Actin

(3)

III. Microtubules

(2)

IV. Intermediate filaments

(5)

4 Nucleus

(12)

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Chromosomes

(2)

III. Nucleolus

(1)

IV. Nuclear envelope

(1)

V. Nuclear pores

(1)

VI. Nuclear lamina

(1)

VII. Nuclear matrix

(1)

VIII. Cell cycle

(3)

IX. Meiosis

(4)

5 Epithelium

(14)

I. Introduction

(1)

II. General characteristics of epithelia

(1)

III. Functions of epithelia

(1)

IV. Classification of epithelia

(2)

V. Intercellular junctions of epithelial cells

(8)

VI. Epithelial cell mitosis and tissue renewal

(1)

VII. Epithelia-connective tissue interface

(3)

6 Nerve

(20)

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Neurons

(5)

III. Synapses

(3)

IV. Supporting cells of the nervous system

(1)

V. Myelin sheath of the peripheral nervous system

(4)

VI. Myelin sheath of the central nervous system

(1)

VII. Comparison of peripheral myelin and central myelin

(1)

VIII. Unmyelinated nerves in the peripheral and central nervous systems

(1)

IX. Connective tissue sheaths of peripheral nerve

(1)

X. Blood-brain barrier

(1)

XI. Degeneration and regeneration in the nervous system

(1)

XII. Afferent receptors

(3)

7 Muscle Tissue

(16)

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Contractile proteins

(2)

III. Classification of muscle

(1)

IV. Skeletal muscle

(10)

V. Cardiac muscle

(1)

VI. Smooth muscle

(2)

VII. Repair and renewal in muscle tissue

(1)

8 Connective Tissue

(18)

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Fibers of connective tissue

(6)

III. Ground substance of connective tissue

103

(3)

IV. Cells of connective tissue

106

(5)

V. Classification of connective tissue

111

(2)

VI. Histogenesis of connective tissue

113

(2)

9 Adipose Tissue

115

(6)

I. Introduction

115

(1)

II. White adipose tissue

115

(4)

III. Brown adipose tissue

119

(2)

10 Cartilage

121

(6)

I. Introduction

121

(1)

II. Cartilage cells

121

(1)

III. Cartilage matrix

122

(2)

IV. Types of cartilage

124

(1)

V. Supply of nutrients to chondrocytes

125

(1)

VI. Cartilage growth

126

(1)

11 Bone

127

(16)

I. Introduction

127

(1)

II. Bone cells

127

(2)

III. Bone matrix

129

(1)

IV. Types of bone

130

(1)

V. Bone-associated fibrous connective tissue

131

(1)

VI. Osteogenesis: intramembranous ossification

132

(1)

VII. Osteogenesis: endochondral ossification

133

(3)

VIII. Osteons and lamellar bone

136

(3)

IX. Growth and remodeling of a long bone

139

(1)

X. Growth and remodeling of a flat bone

139

(1)

XI. Fracture repair

140

(1)

XII. Bone and hormonal control of calcium

140

(3)

12 Blood

143

(12)

I. Introduction

143

(1)

II. Erythrocytes

143

(2)

III. Neutrophils

145

(2)

IV. Eosinophils

147

(1)

V. Basophils

148

(1)

VI. Lymphocytes

149

(1)

VII. Monocytes

150

(1)

VIII. Platelets

151

(4)

13 Hematopoiesis

155

(14)

I. Introduction

155

(1)

II. Hematopoietic stem cells

155

(3)

III. Erythropoiesis

158

(2)

IV. Granulopoiesis

160

(4)

V. Megakaryocytopoiesis

164

(2)

VI. Monocytopoiesis

166

(1)

VII. Microscopic anatomy of the marrow compartment

166

(3)

14 Cardiovascular System

169

(16)

I. Introduction

169

(1)

II. The heart

169

(4)

III. General structure of blood vessels

173

(1)

IV. The arterial vessels

174

(2)

V. Capillaries

176

(4)

VI. The venous vessels

180

(1)

VII. Portal blood vessels

181

(1)

VIII. Arteriovenous anastomosis (AVA)

182

(1)

IX. Lymphatic vessels

182

(3)

15 Lymphatic Cells and Tissues

185

(10)

I. Introduction

185

(1)

II. Lymphocytes

185

(1)

III. B Lymphocytes and humoral immunity

186

(3)

IV. T Lymphocytes and cell-mediated immunity

189

(1)

V. Other features of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses

190

(1)

VI. Structural framework of lymphatic tissues

191

(1)

VII. Diffuse lymphatic tissue

191

(1)

VIII. Lymphatic nodules and germinal centers

192

(3)

16 Tonsils, Peyer Patches, and Appendix

195

(6)

I. Introduction

195

(1)

II. Tonsils

195

(1)

III. Peyer patches

196

(1)

IV. Appendix

197

(1)

V. M cells

198

(3)

17 Lymph Nodes

201

(8)

I. Introduction

201

(1)

II. Surface landmarks of lymph nodes

201

(1)

III. Lymph node compartments: cortex and medulla

201

(3)

IV. Lymphatic sinuses

204

(1)

V. Lymph pathway through a lymph node

205

(1)

VI. Blood pathway through a node and lymphocyte recirculation

205

(1)

VII. Functions of lymph nodes

206

(3)

18 Spleen

209

(6)

I. Introduction

209

(1)

II. Histologic landmarks of the spleen

209

(1)

III. White pulp

209

(2)

IV. Marginal zone

211

(1)

V. Red pulp

211

(2)

VI. Blood vessels of the spleen

213

(1)

VII. Blood circulation through the red pulp: closed versus open

214

(1)

19 Thymus

215

(6)

I. Introduction

215

(1)

II. Histologic landmarks of the thymus

215

(1)

III. Thymic epithelial reticular cells

215

(1)

IV. Cortex of the thymus

216

(1)

V. Medulla of the thymus

217

(1)

VI. Blood-thymus barrier

217

(1)

VII. Involution of the thymus

218

(2)

VIII. Role of thymus in immune response

220

(1)

20 Skin

221

(16)

I. Introduction

221

(1)

II. Epidermis

221

(5)

III. Dermis

226

(2)

IV. Hair follicles

228

(2)

V. Sebaceous glands

230

(2)

VI. Eccrine sweat glands

232

(2)

VII. Apocrine glands

234

(1)

VIII. Nail

235

(1)

IX. Skin injury, cutaneous appendages, and wound healing

235

(2)

21 General Plan of the Alimentary Tract

237

(8)

I. Introduction

237

(1)

II. Basic plan of the wall of the alimentary canal

237

(3)

III. Functions of the alimentary mucosa

240

(3)

IV. Functional specializations in the wall of the alimentary canal

243

(2)

22 Oral Cavity

245

(10)

I. Introduction

245

(1)

II. Mucosa of the oral cavity

245

(1)

III. Tongue

246

(2)

IV. Teeth

248

(4)

V. Supporting tissues of the teeth

252

(3)

23 Exocrine Glands--Salivary Glands

255

(8)

I. Introduction

255

(1)

II. General characteristics of exocrine glands

255

(4)

III. Parotid glands

259

(1)

IV. Submandibular gland

260

(1)

V. Sublingual gland

260

(1)

VI. Saliva

260

(3)

24 Esophagus and Stomach

263

(10)

I. Esophagus

263

(2)

II. Stomach

265

(4)

III. Cells of the gastric glands

269

(4)

25 Small intestine and Colon

273

(16)

I. Small intestine

273

(11)

II. Colon

284

(5)

26 Liver and Gallbladder

289

(16)

I. Introduction

289

(1)

II. General structure of the liver

289

(1)

III. Hepatic circulation

289

(3)

IV. Organization of liver parenchyma

292

(1)

V. Hepatocytes

293

(5)

VI. Perisinusoidal space

298

(1)

VII. Biliary system

299

(1)

VIII. Bile

300

(2)

IX. Gallbladder

302

(3)

27 Exocrine Pancreas

305

(6)

I. Introduction

305

(1)

II. Histologic characteristics

305

(1)

III. Serous acinar cells

305

(2)

IV. Duct system

307

(2)

V. Control of pancreatic exocrine secretion

309

(2)

28 Respiratory System

311

(12)

I. Introduction

311

(1)

II. Nasal cavity

311

(2)

III. Paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx

313

(1)

IV. Larynx

314

(1)

V. Trachea

314

(1)

VI. Bronchi

315

(2)

VII. Bronchioles

317

(1)

VIII. Alveoli

318

(2)

IX. Air-blood barrier

320

(1)

X. Surfactant

321

(2)

29 Urinary System

323

(18)

I. Introduction

323

(1)

II. General characteristics of the kidneys

323

(1)

III. Organization of the kidney parenchyma

323

(2)

IV. Interstitium of the kidney

325

(1)

V. Nephron

325

(9)

VI. Duct system of the kidney

334

(1)

VII. Renal circulation

335

(2)

VIII. Histophysiology of the kidney

337

(1)

IX. Renal nerve supply

338

(1)

X. Excretory passages of the urinary system

338

(3)

30 Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus

341

(10)

I. Introduction to endocrine system

341

(1)

II. Pituitary gland

341

(3)

III. Adenohypophysis

344

(2)

IV. Neurohypophysis

346

(2)

V. Hypothalamic regulation of hypophysis

348

(3)

31 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

351

(8)

I. Introduction

351

(1)

II. Thyroid gland

351

(3)

III. Parathyroid glands

354

(5)

32 Adrenal Gland

359

(8)

I. Introduction

359

(1)

II. Development and structure

359

(1)

III. Adrenal cortex

359

(3)

IV. Adrenal medulla

362

(2)

V. Fetal adrenal gland

364

(3)

33 Islets of Langerhans

367

(4)

I. Introduction

367

(1)

II. Structure and development

367

(2)

III. Control of release of insulin and glucagon

369

(2)

34 Pineal Gland

371

(2)

I. Introduction

371

(1)

II. Pineal parenchymal cells

371

(1)

III. Pineal functions

371

(2)

35 Female Reproductive System

373

(18)

I. Introduction

373

(1)

II. Ovaries, oocytes, and ovarian follicles

373

(4)

III. Ovulation and corpus luteum formation

377

(2)

IV. Mitosis and meiosis of the female germ cell

379

(1)

V. Oviducts

380

(1)

VI. Fertilization

381

(1)

VII. The uterus

381

(3)

VIII. The menstrual cycle

384

(1)

IX. The vagina

385

(1)

X. The mammary gland

386

(2)

XI. The placenta

388

(3)

36 Male Reproduction System

391

(18)

I. Introduction

391

(1)

II. Testes

391

(4)

III. Spermatogenesis

395

(5)

IV. Sertoli cells

400

(2)

V. Intratesticular genital ducts

402

(1)

VI. Extratesticular genital ducts

403

(1)

VII. Accessory sex glands

404

(2)

VIII. Penis

406

(3)

37 Eye

409

(16)

I. Introduction

409

(1)

II. Specific functions of ocular tissues

409

(2)

III. Embryonic development

411

(2)

IV. Cornea

413

(2)

V. Sclera

415

(1)

VI. Anterior chamber and associated structures

415

(1)

VII. Posterior chamber and associated structures

416

(2)

VIII. Vitreous body

418

(1)

IX. Retina

419

(2)

X. Blood-ocular barrier

421

(1)

XI. Choroid

422

(1)

XII. Eyelids

422

(1)

XIII. Lacrimal apparatus

423

(1)

XIV. Extraocular muscles

423

(2)

38 Ear

425

(8)

I. Introduction

425

(1)

II. External ear

425

(1)

III. Middle ear

425

(1)

IV. Inner ear

426

(3)

V. Functions of the inner ear

429

(4)

Comprehensive Exam

433

(66)

Index

499

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Histology

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials