Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of Elephants

MICHAEL A. LIEBERMAN, PhD, is Professor in the Graduate School in Electrical Engineering at the University of California, Berkeley. He haspublished more than 170 journal articles on the topics of plasmas, plasma processing, and nonlinear dynamics. He has also coauthored, with Professor Lichtenberg, Regular and Stochastic Motion and Regular and Chaotic Dynamics, Second Edition.

Murray Fowler, DVM, is Professor Emeritus of Zoological Medicine at the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA. Most recently, he has been a part-time employee of Ringling Brothers, Barnum and Bailey’s Circus. His previous publications include Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Fifth Edition (2003); Restraint and Handling of Wild and Domestic Animals (Blackwell Publishing, 1995); Medicine and Surgery of South American Camelids (Blackwell Publishing, 1998);and Biology, Medicine and Surgery of South American Wild Animals (Blackwell Publishing, 2001).

Susan Mikota, DVM, is a co-founder and Director of Veterinary Programs and Research for Elephant Care International, the first nonprofit organization devoted to elephant healthcare. Her previous publications include Medical Management of Elephants (1994) and several book chapters on elephants.

Contributors

vii

Acknowledgments

xi

Introduction

xiii

Taxonomy, Classification, History, and Evolution of Elephants

3

(12)

Jeheskel Shoshani

Elephants in Captivity

15

(8)

Blair Csuti

Laws and Legislation

23

(12)

Denise M. Sofranko

Behavior and Social Life

35

(10)

Bruce A. Schulte

Husbandry

45

(12)

John Lehnhardt

Nutrition

57

(10)

Ellen S. Dierenfeld

Preventive Health Care and Physical Examination

67

(8)

Susan K. Mikota

Physical Restraint and Handling

75

(16)

Murray E. Fowler

Chemical Restraint and General Anesthesia

91

(28)

Section I: Chemical Restraint

91

(19)

Murray E. Fowler

Susan K. Mikota

Section II: General Anesthesia

110

(9)

Eugene P. Steffey

Surgery and Surgical Conditions

119

(12)

Murray E. Flowler

Infectious Diseases

131

(28)

Murray E. Fowler

Parasitology

159

(24)

Murray E. Fowler

Antemortem Diagnostics

183

(16)

Section I: General Techniques

183

(9)

Susan K. Mikota

Section II: Radiology

192

(7)

Laurie Gage

Postmortem Diagnostics

199

(12)

Richard J. Montali

Therapeutics

211

(22)

Susan K. Mikota

Color Section

Neonatal Care and Hand Rearing

233

(10)

Karen Emanuelson

Multisystem Disorders

243

(10)

Murray E. Fowler

Integument System

253

(10)

Susan K. Mikota

Musculoskeletal System

263

(8)

Gary West

Foot Disorders

271

(20)

Murray E. Fowler

Respiratory System

291

(8)

Ramiro Isaza

Digestive System

299

(10)

Genevieve A. Dumonceaux

Endocrine and Immune Systems

309

(8)

Linda J. Lowenstine

Cardiovascular System

317

(8)

Susan Bartlett

Hemolymphatic System

325

(22)

Susan K. Mikota

Reproductive System

347

(10)

Dennis Schmitt

Reproductive and Diagnostic Ultrasonography

357

(20)

Thomas B. Hildebrandt

Reproductive Endocrinology

377

(12)

Janine L. Brown

Urinary System

389

(4)

R. Eric Miller

Nervous System

393

(6)

Michele Miller

Special Senses

399

(10)

Wm. Kirk Suedmeyer

Chemical, Tactile, and Taste Sensory Systems

409

(6)

L. E. L. Rasmussen

Toxicology

415

(16)

Murray E. Fowler

Zoonoses and Human Injury

431

(8)

Joel Maslow

Veterinary Problems of Geographical Concern

439

(36)

Introduction

439

(1)

Susan K. Mikota

Murray E. Fowler

Section I Africa

439

(5)

Jacobus G. du Toit

Section II India

444

(3)

Jacob V. Cheeran

K. Chandrasekharan

Section III Indochina and Bangladesh

447

(7)

Paolo Martelli

Section IV Indonesia

454

(3)

Yudha Fahrimal

Retno Sudarwati

Section V Malaysia

457

(3)

Vellayan Subramanian

Section VI Myanmar

460

(5)

Khyne U Mar

Section VII Nepal

465

(3)

Sunder Shrestha

Kamal P. Gairhe

Section VIII Sri Lanka

468

(7)

Indira Silva

Ashoka Dangolla

Conservation

475

(70)

Simon Hedges

Appendices

Appendix 1. Abbreviations Used in This Book

491

(2)

Appendix 2. Measurement Conversion Tables

493

(2)

Appendix 3. Sources for Agents Used in Sedating, Tranquilizing, Immobilizing, and Anesthetizing Elephants

495

(2)

Appendix 4. Toxicology Terms, Abbreviations, and Equivalents

497

(2)

Appendix 5. Elephant Vital Signs and Physiological Parameters

499

(2)

Appendix 6. Glossary of Terms Associated with Elephant Feet

501

(4)

Appendix 7. Weight Conversion Chart for Asian Elephants

505

(2)

Appendix 8. Conversion Between Conventional and SI Units, Hematology

507

(2)

Appendix 9. Conversion Between Conventional and SI Units, Blood and Fluid Chemistry

509

(2)

Appendix 10. AZA Standards for Elephant Management and Care

511

(8)

Appendix 11. Guidelines for Elephant Management and Care (EMA)

519

(6)

Appendix 12. Guidelines for Comprehensive Elephant Health Monitoring Program (AZA/SSP)

525

(10)

Appendix 13. Quarantine Guidelines for Elephants (AZA/SSP)

535

(2)

Appendix 14. Recommended Elephant Preshipment Guidelines (AZA/SSP)

537

(6)

Appendix 15. Transport Guidelines for Elephants (AZA/SSP)

543

(2)

Index

545

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Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of Elephants

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