The Ocular Fundus: From Findings to Diagnosis

, by Wolf, Sebastian; Kirchhof, Bernd; Reim, Martin

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ISBN: 9781588903389 | 1588903389
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/1/2005

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Learn how to "read" the optic fundus:- What tests are indicated?- How do I interpret the findings?- What is the next step?This book guides you quickly and confidently from finding to diagnosis.Practice-oriented- Organized by presentation- Systematic listing of diagnoses for each presentation- Sidebars with a brief summary of the signs and symptoms for each diagnosis- Quick reference and study guide in oneComprehensive- Describes various examination methods- Covers even rare findings- Differential diagnosis- Figures to illustrate each diagnosis- Notes on appropriate treatmentConfidence- Learn to take prompt, goal-directed action.- Apply various diagnostic options appropriately and economically.- Gain confidence in dealing with equivocal findings.

Introduction

(3)

Examination Methods

(17)

History

(1)

Functional Tests

(3)

Visual Acuity

(1)

Visual Field

(1)

Color Vision

(1)

Contrast Sensitivity

(1)

Ophthalmoscopy

(1)

Direct Ophthalmoscopy

(1)

Indirect Ophthalmoscopy

(1)

High Refractive Power Lenses in Conjunction with the Slit Lamp

(1)

Contact Optics with Deflecting Mirrors

(1)

Special Considerations when Examining Infants and Newborns

(1)

Objective Imaging Studies and Their Evaluation

(6)

Fundus Photography

(1)

Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope

(3)

Fluorescence Angiography

(3)

Electrophysiological Studies

(4)

Electro-oculography (EOG)

(1)

Electroretinography (ERG)

(1)

Visual Evoked Cortical Potentials (VECP)

(3)

Ultrasound Studies

(1)

A-Mode Ultrasonography

(1)

B-Mode Ultrasonography

(1)

Doppler Ultrasonography

(1)

Color Doppler Imaging

(1)

Ultrasound Biomicroscopy

(1)

Biopsy

(2)

Anterior Chamber

(1)

Vitreous Body

(1)

Tumors

(1)

Appearance of Retinal and Choroidal Disorders

(106)

Retinopathy with Focal or Mottled Lesions

(21)

White Mottled Deposits

(2)

Sharply Demarcated, Bright, and Pigmented Areas

(3)

Blurred, Fluffy, White Focal Lesions

(16)

Prominence of the Macula

(13)

Secondary Macular Edema

(3)

Macular Edema with Retinal Vascular Disease

(2)

Macular Edema from Choroidal Neovascularization

(7)

Choroidal Neovascularization of Other Causes

(1)

Proliferation, Scarring, and Holes in the Macula

(4)

Epiretinal Membranes (Macular Pucker)

(1)

Idiopathic Macular Hole

(3)

Choroidal Folds

(1)

Depigmented and Pigmented Focal Lesions in the Macula

(6)

Solar Retinopathy

(1)

Injuries from Laser Beams and Autogenous Welding

(1)

Pigmented Macular Scars Secondary to Contusion

(1)

Maculopathy in Myopia

(1)

Pattern Dystrophies

(1)

Central Areolar Macular Atrophy

(1)

Bull's Eye Dystrophy

(2)

Macular Dystrophies with Mottled Lesions

(6)

Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy (Best Disease)

(2)

Sorsby Macular Dystrophy

(1)

Stargardt Disease

(3)

Large Areas of Yellowish-White Exudative Retinopathy

(8)

Necrotizing Retinitis

(3)

Serpiginous Choroiditis

(1)

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome

(1)

Berlin Edema in the Fundus

(1)

Ischemic Edema in Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

(3)

Scattered Pigment Changes with Large Areas of Retinal and Choroidal Dystrophy

(25)

Atrophic and Pigmented Areas

(2)

Fields with Coarse Pigmentation and Depigmentation

(1)

Large Areas of Progressive Retinal Degeneration in Both Eyes--Cancer-Associated Retinopathy (CAR)

(3)

Significance of Rare Types of Retinal Degeneration and Dystrophy

(1)

Fundi with Typical Pigmentations and Chorioretinal Atrophy---Tapetoretinal Degenerations

(10)

Albinism

(2)

Pediatric Retinal Dystrophies with Maculopathies

(6)

Peripheral Retinal and Choroidal Lesions

104

(6)

Pigmentation, Bright White-Yellow Spots and Cobblestone Degeneration

104

(1)

Lattice Degeneration and Vitreous Adhesion

105

(1)

Retinal Holes and Tears

105

(1)

Pigmented Flecks and Fields at the Level of the Fundus

106

(1)

Vitreoretinal Degeneration

107

(3)

Retinal Detachments

110

(13)

Broad Gray Bubblelike Bulging of the Retina

110

(6)

Glassy, Transparent Retinal Detachments

116

(1)

Choroidal Detachment

117

(1)

Retinal Detachment due to Solid Protrusions

118

(5)

Retinal Tumors

123

(4)

White Tumors---Retinoblastoma

123

(1)

``Mulberry'' Tumors: Tuberous Sclerosis

124

(1)

Vascular Tumors: Hemangiomas

125

(1)

Brown Tumor in Coats Disease

125

(2)

Appearance of Vascular Disorders

127

(40)

Ophthalmoscopic Structure of Fundus Vessels

127

(1)

Variants in the Course of the Retinal Vessels

128

(1)

Cilioretinal Artery

128

(1)

Atypical Branching of the Retinal Arterioles

128

(1)

Retinal Vessels in Macular Aplasia

128

(1)

Abnormal Vessels in the Retina

128

(3)

Telangiectasia

128

(1)

Multiple Leber Miliary Aneurysms

129

(1)

Solitary Retinal Macroaneurysms

129

(1)

Angiomatosis Retinae (Von Hippel--Lindau Disease)

130

(1)

Rarefied and Elongated Vessels

131

(2)

Wide and Irregular Reflexes on Retinal Arterioles in Arteriosclerosis

131

(1)

Choroidal Sclerosis with Bright Vascular Bands and Thin Columns of Blood

132

(1)

Thin Vessels, Minimal Microvasculature, and Pale Fundus in Ischemic Ophthalmopathy

132

(1)

Thin Vessels, Pale Fundus, and Occasional Retinal Bleeding in Anemia

132

(1)

Narrowed Arterioles and Congested Veins

133

(2)

Pathophysiology of the Retinal Vessels in Arterial Hypertension

133

(1)

Changes in the Retinal Vessels in Arterial Hypertension

133

(1)

Distinguishing Arteriosclerosis from Hypertension

133

(1)

Hypertensive Fundus

134

(1)

Bleeding, Cotton-Wool Spots, Hard Exudates, and Retinal Edema

135

(3)

Hypertensive Retinopathy

135

(1)

Classification of Fundus Changes in Arterial Hypertension

136

(1)

Stenoses of the Arterioles, Cotton-Wool Spots, and Retinal Edema in Retinopathy in Pregnancy

137

(1)

Purtscher Retinopathy (Traumatic Retinal Angiopathy)

138

(1)

Capillary Aneurysms, Hard Exudates, Bleeding, and Neovascularization

138

(7)

Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR)

139

(2)

Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR)

141

(2)

Macular Edema in Diabetic Maculopathy

143

(2)

Disorders Involving Primarily Retinal Bleeding

145

(10)

Bleeding in the Region Drained by the Retinal Veins

145

(6)

Cockade Hemorrhagic Lesions in Chronic Myelosis

151

(1)

Bleeding between the Venules and Arterioles in Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia

152

(1)

Large Areas of Bleeding in Multiple Myelomas (Plasmacytoma)

152

(1)

Engorged Blood Vessels in Polycythemia Vera

152

(1)

Idiopathic Macular Bleeding---Macular Bleeding Following the Valsalva Maneuver

152

(1)

Characteristic Fundus Findings in Hemoglobin Disorders

153

(2)

Peripheral Neovascularization in the Retina

155

(6)

Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)

155

(5)

Peripheral Vascular Proliferation in Eales Disease

160

(1)

Perivascular Infiltrates, Vascular Obliteration, and Retinal Bleeding in Inflammatory Vascular Disorders

161

(6)

Peripheral Vascular Obliteration in Eales Disease

161

(1)

Perivascular Infiltrates in Retinal Periphlebitis

162

(1)

Inflammatory Infiltration in Specific Types of Retinal Vasculitis

163

(4)

Phenomenology of Disease of Vitreous Body

167

(14)

Symptoms with Vitreous Opacities and Specific Examinations

167

(1)

Leukocoria

167

(1)

Blood Vessels in the Vitreous Body

168

(3)

Persistent Hyaloid Artery arising from the Optic Disc

168

(1)

Active Neovascularization in the Vitreous Body in Proliferative Retinopathy

169

(2)

Small Opacities in the Vitreous Body

171

(1)

Floaters---Moving Spots against a Bright Background

171

(1)

Distressing Subjective Perceptions in Posterior Vitreous Detachment

171

(1)

Multiple White Dots like Snow Flakes Synchysis Scintillans---Cholesterol Hyalosis

172

(1)

Multiple White Globules---Asteroid Hyalosis---Scintillatio Nivea

172

(1)

Diffuse Opacities in the Vitreous Body

172

(6)

Opacities from Chronic Cellular and Fibrinous Infiltration of the Vitreous Body

172

(2)

Opacities from Acute Cellular and Fibrinous Infiltration of the Vitreous Body

174

(4)

Large Opacities in the Vitreous Body

178

(3)

Vitreous Hemorrhage

178

(3)

Appearance of Optic Nerve Disorders

181

(32)

Blurred Appearance, Hyperemia, and Protrusion---Optic Disc Edema

181

(15)

Bilateral Blurring of the Optic Disc with Hyperemia and Prominence

181

(8)

Unilateral Blurring of the Optic Disc with Hyperemia, Prominence, and Impaired Vision

189

(7)

Pale, Often White, Sharply Demarcated Optic Disc---Optic Nerve Atrophy

196

(10)

Diagnosis and Pathogenesis of Optic Nerve Atrophy

196

(3)

Partial or Localized Pallor of the Optic Disc

199

(3)

Completely White Optic Disc--Optic Nerve Atrophy

202

(1)

Hereditary Optic Nerve Atrophy

203

(3)

Excavations of the Optic Nerve

206

(3)

Physiologic Cupping of the Optic Disc

206

(1)

Cupping of the Optic Disc in Myopia

207

(1)

Cupping and Atrophy of the Optic Nerve in Glaucoma

207

(2)

Excavation Filled with Grayish-White Tissue---Optic Pit

209

(1)

Anomalous Tissue on and adjacent to the Optic Disc

209

(4)

Scleral Crescent---Pigment Crescent--Myopia Crescent

209

(1)

Persistent Embryonic Tissue on the Optic Disc

210

(1)

Optic Disc Coloboma---Morning Glory Disc

211

(1)

Optic Disc Melanocytoma

211

(1)

Optic Disc Hemangioma

211

(1)

Optic Disc Osteoma

211

(2)

Disorders without Conspicuous Changes of the Fundus

213

(9)

Floaters

213

(1)

Unilateral Visual Impairment in Children---Amblyopia

213

(1)

Acute Visual Impairment with Normal Optic Disc

214

(3)

Retrobulbar Optic Neuritis

214

(1)

Visual Impairment with Normal Optic Disc

215

(1)

Example of Compression Neuropathy of the Optic Nerve---Severe Endocrine Orbitopathy (Graves Disease)

215

(2)

Color Vision Defects

217

(1)

Congenital Hereditary Color Vision Defects

217

(1)

Achromatopsia---Stationary Cone Dysfunction

218

(1)

Incipient Tapetoretinal Degeneration

218

(1)

Incipient Stargardt Disease

218

(1)

Incipient Retinitis Pigmentosa

219

(1)

Congenital Stationary Night Blindness (CSNB)

219

(1)

Night Blindness with Hereditary Deficiency of the Retinol-Binding Protein

219

(1)

Simulation

220

(1)

Visual Agnosia

220

(2)

List of Abbreviations

222

(1)

Literature

223

(1)

Systematic Outline of Fundus Diseases

224

(5)

Index

229

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The Ocular Fundus: From Findings to Diagnosis

Summary

Table of Contents

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The Ocular Fundus: From Findings to Diagnosis

Summary

Table of Contents

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