Lignin and Lignan Biosynthesis

This book provides new information on the control of monolignal coupling and on modifying the biochemical steps in their formation and configuration. The text provides a critical assessment of recent advances in delineating the relationships and biosynthetic pathways of lignins and lignans. The discussion emphasizes lignin and lignan formation, particularly the templates for lignin assembly and the control of stereochemical coupling.

Preface

ix

1. Lignin and Lignan Biosynthesis: Distinctions and Reconciliations

1

(28)

Norman G. Lewis

Laurence B. Davin

Simo Sarkanen

2. Upstream Metabolic Segments That Support Lignin Biosynthesis

29

(13)

Carol A. Bonner

Roy A. Jensen

3. Integrating Nitrogen and Phenylpropanoid Metabolic Pathways in Plants and Fungi

42

(13)

G. H. N. Towers

S. Singh

P. S. van Heerden

J. Zuiches

Norman G. Lewis

4. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Lignin-Specific O-Methyltransferases from Woody Plant Species

55

(10)

Huabin Meng

Wilbur H. Campbell

5. Genes Involved in the Final Steps of Monolignol Biosynthesis and Their Manipulation for Tailoring New Lignins

65

(11)

A. -M. Boudet

D. Goffner

C. Marque

J. Grima Pettenati

6. Beta-Glucosidases and Glucosyltransferases in Lignifying Tissues

76

(8)

D. Palitha Dharmawardhana

B. E. Ellis

7. Specific Compartmentalization of Peroxidase Isoenzymes in Relation to Lignin Biosynthesis in the Plant Cell

84

(12)

A. Ros Barcelo

M. Morales

M. A. Pedreno

8. Laccases Associated with Lignifying Vascular Tissues

96

(13)

Jeffrey F. D. Dean

Peter R. LaFayette

Clayton Rugh

Alexandria H. Tristram

J. Todd Hoopes

Karl-Erik L. Eriksson

Scott A. Merkle

9. Coniferyl Alcohol Oxidase: A New Enzyme Spatio-Temporally Associated with Lignifying Tissues

109

(22)

R. A. Savidge

P. V. Udagama-Randeniya

Yijun Xu

V. Leinhos

H. Forster

10. Oxidative Coupling of Phenols and the Biosynthesis of Lignin

131

(17)

Gosta Brunow

Ilkka Kilpelainen

Jussi Sipila

Kaisa Syrjanen

Pirkko Karhunen

Harri Setala

Petteri Rummakko

11. Biomimetic Initiation of Lignol Dehydropolymerization with Metal Salts

148

(15)

Lawrence L. Landucci

Sally Ralph

12. Modeling Lignification in Grasses with Monolignol Dehydropolymerisate-Cell Wall Complexes

163

(9)

John H. Grabber

John Ralph

Ronald D. Hatfield

13. Cellulose and the Hemicelluloses: Patterns for the Assembly of Lignin

172

(8)

R. H. Atalla

14. Proposed Structure for Protolignin in Plant Cell Walls

180

(14)

N. Terashima

J. Nakashima

K. Takabe

15. Template Polymerization in Lignin Biosynthesis

194

(15)

Simo Sarkanen

16. Cell Wall Cross-Linking in Grasses by Ferulates and Diferulates

209

(28)

John Ralph

Ronald D. Hatfield

John H. Grabber

Hans-Joachim G. Jung

Stephane Quideau

Richard F. Helm

17. Improvement in NMR Structural Studies of Lignin Through Two-and Three-Dimensional NMR Detection and Isotopic Enrichment

237

(18)

D. Robert

E. Ammalahti

M. Bardet

G. Brunow

I. Kilpelainen

K. Lundquist

V. Neirinck

N. Terashima

18. Characterization of Milled Wood Lignins and Dehydrogenative Polymerisates from Monolignols by Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy

255

(21)

Chen-Loung Chen

19 Experimenting with Virtual Lignins

276

(18)

Lubo Jurasek

20. Efficient Ether Cleavage in Lignins: The Derivatization Followed by Reductive Cleavage Procedure as a Basis for New Analytical Methods

294

(29)

Fachuang Lu

John Ralph

21. Structural Diversity in Lignans and Neolignans

323

(11)

Adrian F. A. Wallis

22. The Biochemical Control of Monolignol Coupling and Structure During Lignan and Lignin Biosynthesis

334

(28)

Norman G. Lewis

Laurence B. Davin

23. Stereochemistry in Lignan Biosynthesis and Neolignan Preparation Through Fungal Reduction

362

(15)

T. Katayama

24. Stereochemical Differences in Lignan Biosynthesis Between Arctium lappa, Wikstroemia sikokiana, and Forsythia spp

377

(12)

Toshiaki Umezawa

Tomoya Okunishi

Mikio Shimada

25. The 'Abnormal Lignins': Mapping Heartwood Formation Through the Lignan Biosynthetic Pathway

389

(34)

David R. Gang

Masayuki Fujita

Laurence B. Davin

Norman G. Lewis

Author Index

423

(1)

Subject Index

424

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Lignin and Lignan Biosynthesis

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