Delivering Carrier Ethernet: Extending Ethernet Beyond the LAN
, by Kasim, Abdul; Adhikari, Prasanna; Chen, Nan; Finn, Norman; Ghani, Nasir; Hajduczenia, Marek; Havala, Paul; Heron, Giles; Howard, Michael; Martini, Luca; Metcalfe, Bob; O'Connor, Mannix; Squire, Matt; Szeto, William; White, Greg
- ISBN: 9780071487474 | 0071487476
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 11/13/2007
Understand and evaluate the delivery of Carrier Ethernet using different technologiesCarrier Ethernet is rapidly becoming the de facto platform for offering the next generation of high-bandwidth multimedia applications. Delivering Carrier Ethernet: Extending Ethernet Beyond the LAN provides, for the very first time, an in-depth assessment of the various network solutions that can be used to deliver Carrier Ethernet services. The book is based on extensive real-world deployments and is written by globally renowned experts. A standard solution framework is used consistently throughout to address each underlying technology, its benefits and pitfalls, deployment approaches, ongoing developments, economic assessments, and key vendors promoting the solution. The potential evolution of Carrier Ethernet itself is also considered in detail. Copper HFC (Hybrid Fiber-Coax) PONs (Passive Optical Networks) TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) Fiber and WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) Optical Wireless Mesh Network/Free Space Optics SONET (Synchronous Optical NETworking)/MSPP (Multi-Service Provisioning Platform) RPR (Resilient Packet Ring) Bridging/Switching MPLS (MultiProtocol Label Switching) WiMAX/WiMAC
Abdul Kasim is vice president for ethernet business development at ADVA Optical Networking, a global provider of optical and ethernet solutions for metropolitan networks.
| Acknowledgments | |
| Foreword | |
| Introduction | |
| Background | |
| Ethernet: From LAN to the WAN | p. 3 |
| What Is Ethernet? | p. 3 |
| The Basic Ethernet Frame | p. 6 |
| Elements of a LAN | p. 7 |
| Ethernet - The Beginning | p. 10 |
| The CSMA/CD Ethernet | p. 11 |
| The Development of Ethernet | p. 12 |
| Other LAN Technologies: Token Bus, Token Ring, and FDDI | p. 13 |
| Domination in the Enterprise LAN | p. 15 |
| The Failed Challenge of ATM and IP in the LAN | p. 20 |
| Ethernet: Evolution Beyond the LAN | p. 21 |
| Networking Beyond the LAN: Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) and Wide Area Networks (WANs) | p. 22 |
| Ethernet in the MAN/WAN | p. 26 |
| Benefits of Ethernet Beyond the LAN | p. 28 |
| Enterprises End Customer Benefits | p. 29 |
| Service Providers Benefits | p. 35 |
| The Current State of Ethernet Services Deployment | p. 39 |
| Barriers to Deployment of Ethernet Beyond the LAN | p. 40 |
| Economic Barriers | p. 40 |
| Operational and Technology Barriers | p. 41 |
| Overcoming The Barriers | p. 43 |
| References | p. 43 |
| Carrier Ethernet | p. 45 |
| Defining Carrier Ethernet | p. 46 |
| Carrier Ethernet: A Formal Definition | p. 47 |
| Carrier Ethernet: The Attributes | p. 49 |
| Enabling Carrier Ethernet | p. 54 |
| Standards Bodies | p. 54 |
| A Service Architecture for Carrier Ethernet | p. 56 |
| Defining Carrier Ethernet Services | p. 60 |
| Ethernet Service Attributes | p. 62 |
| Ethernet Service Types | p. 69 |
| Sample Commercial Offerings Using Carrier Ethernet Services | p. 73 |
| Carrier Ethernet: The Enablers | p. 76 |
| Standardized Services | p. 76 |
| Scalability | p. 82 |
| Reliability | p. 84 |
| Quality of Service | p. 85 |
| Standardized Management | p. 86 |
| Carrier Ethernet: Field Realities | p. 92 |
| Current Challenges in Delivering Carrier Ethernet | p. 93 |
| Recent Industry Response to Challenges | p. 95 |
| Intelligent Ethernet Demarcation | p. 96 |
| The MEF Certification Program | p. 98 |
| Other Carrier Ethernet requirements - One Service Provider's perspective | p. 100 |
| References | p. 103 |
| The Ethernet Market Opportunity | p. 105 |
| Ethernet Service Providers and Their Offerings | p. 106 |
| Carrier Plans for Ethernet | p. 109 |
| The Effect of Worldwide CAPEX Patterns on Ethernet Adoption | p. 112 |
| The Carrier Ethernet Equipment Market | p. 114 |
| Ethernet Runs on Many Technologies | p. 115 |
| Carrier Ethernet Switches and Routers | p. 116 |
| DSL | p. 116 |
| Metro Ethernet Manufacturer Revenue | p. 118 |
| Technologies and Trends | p. 118 |
| Solutions | |
| The Solution Framework | p. 123 |
| Background | p. 123 |
| The Reference Model | p. 125 |
| The Landscape of Solutions | p. 126 |
| A Solution Framework | p. 129 |
| References | p. 130 |
| Copper | p. 131 |
| Technology Description | p. 131 |
| 2BASE-TL | p. 132 |
| 10PASS-TS | p. 133 |
| Spectral Compatibility and International Applications | p. 134 |
| Transporting Ethernet Packets over Copper | p. 134 |
| Multipair Aggregation | p. 135 |
| Drivers for This Solution | p. 136 |
| Ubiquity of IP | p. 136 |
| Economics of Ethernet | p. 137 |
| Cost and Complexity of Deploying Fiber | p. 137 |
| When Does This Solution Fit | p. 138 |
| Triple Play with 10PASS-TS | p. 138 |
| Riser Extensions with 10PASS-TS | p. 138 |
| Metro Ethernet Business Services with 2BASE-TL | p. 139 |
| Wireless and DSLAM Backhaul with 2BASE-TL | p. 139 |
| When Does This Solution Not Fit | p. 139 |
| Target Carriers | p. 139 |
| Optical End-Game | p. 140 |
| Mid-Band Ethernet's Dynamic Rate Adaptation | p. 140 |
| Limitations of 10PASS-TS | p. 140 |
| Limitations of 2BASE-TL | p. 141 |
| Benefits and Shortcomings | p. 141 |
| Typical Deployment Scenarios | p. 141 |
| Ongoing Developments | p. 142 |
| Economic Assessment | p. 144 |
| Vendors Promoting This Solution | p. 145 |
| References | p. 146 |
| Hybrid Fiber-Coax | p. 147 |
| Technology Description | p. 147 |
| DOCSIS Standards | p. 148 |
| The Hybrid Fiber-Coax Cable Infrastructure | p. 149 |
| Cable Modems | p. 151 |
| Communications Protocols | p. 151 |
| Provisioning | p. 153 |
| Management | p. 154 |
| Security and Privacy | p. 154 |
| Bandwidth Efficiency | p. 154 |
| Layer 2 Virtual Private Networks | p. 155 |
| TOM Emulation | p. 155 |
| Carrier Ethernet Attributes | p. 155 |
| Drivers for This Solution | p. 157 |
| When Does This Solution Fit? | p. 158 |
| When Does This Solution Not Fit? | p. 158 |
| Benefits and Shortcomings | p. 158 |
| Typical Deployment Scenarios | p. 159 |
| Ongoing Developments | p. 160 |
| Economic Assessment | p. 161 |
| Vendors Promoting This Solution | p. 161 |
| References | p. 162 |
| Passive Optical Networks (PONs) | p. 163 |
| Technology Description | p. 164 |
| Administration and Maintenance in EPONs | p. 165 |
| Drivers for This Solution | p. 172 |
| When Does This Solution Fit? | p. 175 |
| When Does This Solution Not Fit? | p. 176 |
| Benefits and Shortcomings | p. 177 |
| Typical Deployment Scenarios | p. 177 |
| Downstream Transmission in EPON Systems | p. 178 |
| Upstream Transmission | p. 179 |
| Ongoing Developments | p. 181 |
| Wavelength Upgrade | p. 181 |
| Raw Data-rate Upgrade | p. 184 |
| Mixed Upgrade Scenarios | p. 185 |
| Initial Stages of Development of 10G EPONs | p. 185 |
| Security Mechanisms for EPONs | p. 187 |
| Economic Assessment | p. 191 |
| Overall Installation Cost per Subscriber | p. 191 |
| Cost of the CPE | p. 192 |
| EPON vs. Other PON Solutions | p. 192 |
| EPON vs. Alternate Architectures | p. 193 |
| Evolving Service Models and Revenue-Stream Replacement | p. 194 |
| Vendors Promoting This Solution | p. 194 |
| References | p. 195 |
| Fiber and WDM | p. 197 |
| Technology Description | p. 198 |
| Advances in Optical Component Technologies | p. 198 |
| Optical Network Architectures | p. 202 |
| Optical Ethernet Interfaces | p. 209 |
| Optical Network Control | p. 211 |
| Network and Services Management | p. 212 |
| Drivers for This Solution | p. 214 |
| When Does This Solution Fit? | p. 216 |
| Ethernet Private Line (EPL) Services | p. 216 |
| Ethernet Private LAN Services (EPLAN) | p. 219 |
| Benefits and Shortcomings | p. 220 |
| Benefits | p. 221 |
| Shortcomings | p. 222 |
| Typical Deployment Scenarios | p. 223 |
| Corporate Extension Scenarios | p. 223 |
| Storage Area Networks (SAN) Scenarios | p. 224 |
| Residential and Backhaul Scenarios | p. 225 |
| Point-of-Presence (PoP) Scenarios | p. 226 |
| Ongoing Developments | p. 226 |
| Advances in WDM Networking | p. 226 |
| Ethernet Interface Evolutions | p. 227 |
| New Control Protocol Frameworks | p. 227 |
| Economic Assessment | p. 228 |
| Vendors Promoting This Solution | p. 231 |
| References | p. 232 |
| Optical Wireless Mesh Networks | p. 235 |
| Technology/Solution Description | p. 235 |
| The Technology | p. 236 |
| Understanding Link Margin and Atmospheric Effects | p. 243 |
| Wireless Mesh Networking Technology | p. 246 |
| Carrier-Class Ethernet with Optical Wireless Mesh | p. 251 |
| Applications | p. 252 |
| Drivers for This Solution | p. 254 |
| When Does This Solution Fit? | p. 255 |
| When Does This Solution Not Fit? | p. 255 |
| Benefits and Shortcomings | p. 256 |
| Benefits | p. 256 |
| Shortcomings | p. 257 |
| Typical Deployment Scenarios | p. 257 |
| Deployment of Carrier Ethernet Services | p. 257 |
| Deployment of Wireless Access Network | p. 258 |
| Ongoing Developments | p. 259 |
| Economic Assessment | p. 260 |
| Vendors Promoting This Solution | p. 260 |
| Point-to-Point Optical Wireless (FSO) Vendors | p. 261 |
| Optical Wireless Mesh Vendors | p. 262 |
| References | p. 263 |
| Circuit Bonding | p. 265 |
| Technology Description | p. 266 |
| Access Network Issues | p. 267 |
| Circuit Bonding Technology | p. 268 |
| Carrier Ethernet | p. 275 |
| Drivers for This Solution | p. 278 |
| The Need for a New Transport Solution | p. 279 |
| Circuit Bonding Standards Development | p. 279 |
| Networked Solutions | p. 280 |
| Future Applications for Circuit Bonding | p. 280 |
| Packet Network Benefits | p. 281 |
| Transmission Benefits | p. 281 |
| Where This Solution Fits? | p. 282 |
| Ethernet Transport Applications | p. 283 |
| Existing Ethernet Services | p. 284 |
| Transport Solution Using Circuit Bonding | p. 285 |
| Circuit Bonding Functions | p. 286 |
| Benefits and Shortcomings | p. 287 |
| 100 percent Ethernet Reach | p. 287 |
| Highly Efficient | p. 288 |
| Ability to Grow | p. 289 |
| Quality of Service and Protection | p. 290 |
| Shortcomings | p. 290 |
| Typical Deployment Scenarios | p. 290 |
| Ongoing Developments | p. 294 |
| Economic Assessment | p. 294 |
| Vendors Promoting This Solution | p. 297 |
| SONET/MSPP | p. 299 |
| Technology Description | p. 299 |
| SONET Overview | p. 300 |
| EoS Overview | p. 302 |
| The Multi-Service Provisioning Platform (MSPP) | p. 307 |
| How Much Ethernet Is in an MSPP? | p. 308 |
| Drivers for This Solution | p. 308 |
| When Does This Solution Fit? | p. 310 |
| When Does This Solution Not Fit? | p. 311 |
| Benefits and Shortcomings | p. 312 |
| Benefits | p. 312 |
| Shortcomings | p. 313 |
| Typical Deployment/Scenarios | p. 313 |
| E-Line Service Delivery | p. 314 |
| Ethernet Access to Ethernet or IP Services | p. 315 |
| Dedicated EoS Networks | p. 316 |
| Ongoing Developments | p. 317 |
| Increasing EoS Integration | p. 317 |
| EoS Protocol Enhancements | p. 318 |
| Control Plane Enhancements | p. 320 |
| Economic Assessment | p. 321 |
| Vendors Promoting This Solution | p. 324 |
| References | p. 326 |
| Resilient Packet Ring (RPR) | p. 327 |
| Technology Description | p. 329 |
| Layer Model | p. 331 |
| Ring Structure | p. 332 |
| The RPR MAC Specification | p. 332 |
| The MAC Reference Model | p. 334 |
| Topology Discovery and Protection | p. 340 |
| Protection Hierarchy | p. 343 |
| Oam | p. 346 |
| Data Path | p. 347 |
| Frame Formats | p. 351 |
| Physical Interface | p. 353 |
| Drivers for This Solution | p. 355 |
| No Support for Ring Topologies | p. 355 |
| Slow and Non-deterministic Restoration | p. 355 |
| No Control of Delay and Delay Variation from Switch to Switch | p. 356 |
| No Fairness Control Mechanism | p. 356 |
| When Does this Solution Fit? | p. 357 |
| Restoration | p. 357 |
| QoS | p. 358 |
| Fairness | p. 358 |
| When Does This Solution Not Fit? | p. 358 |
| Applications Don't Require It | p. 358 |
| Existing SONET/SDH Transport | p. 359 |
| Over-provisioning Alternative | p. 359 |
| Typical Deployment Scenarios | p. 359 |
| Ongoing Developments | p. 360 |
| Economic Assessment | p. 361 |
| More Bandwidth | p. 361 |
| Lower Capex | p. 362 |
| Fiber Route Savings | p. 362 |
| Optical Port and Equipment Savings | p. 364 |
| Vendors Promoting This Solution | p. 365 |
| Organizations Adopting RPR Solutions | p. 368 |
| References | p. 372 |
| Ethernet Bridging | p. 375 |
| Technology Description | p. 376 |
| Redundancy and Spanning Trees | p. 378 |
| In-band Signaling | p. 380 |
| Bridging versus Routing | p. 380 |
| Virtual LANs | p. 381 |
| VLAN and MAC Address Pruning | p. 382 |
| Priority | p. 383 |
| Provider Bridges - Q-in-Q | p. 383 |
| Provider Bridge Solutions and Challenges | p. 392 |
| Backbone Bridges - MAC-in-MAC | p. 395 |
| Using Spanning Tree Effectively | p. 399 |
| Spanning Tree Alternatives | p. 404 |
| Ethernet OAM and Connectivity Fault Management | p. 408 |
| Drivers for This Solution | p. 411 |
| When Does This Solution Fit? | p. 411 |
| When Does This Solution Not Fit? | p. 412 |
| Benefits and Shortcomings | p. 412 |
| Typical Deployment Scenarios | p. 414 |
| Ethernet Backbone Services | p. 414 |
| Sparse Wide Area Business Services | p. 414 |
| Metro Area Business Services | p. 415 |
| ISP Access Services | p. 415 |
| Ongoing Developments | p. 415 |
| IEEE Project P802.1aq Shortest Path Bridging | p. 416 |
| ITU-T Protection Switching | p. 416 |
| Provider Backbone Bridge Traffic Engineering | p. 417 |
| Ietf Trill | p. 418 |
| Economic Assessment | p. 418 |
| Vendors Promoting this Solution | p. 419 |
| References | p. 420 |
| MPLS | p. 421 |
| Technology Description | p. 421 |
| Connectionless and Connection-Orientated Forwarding | p. 421 |
| MPLS Forwarding | p. 422 |
| MPLS Signalling | p. 424 |
| MPLS Protection | p. 427 |
| MPLS Scaling | p. 431 |
| MPLS QoS | p. 432 |
| MPLS Applications | p. 434 |
| Pseudowires | p. 435 |
| VPLS | p. 443 |
| How Ethernet over MPLS Meets the Carrier Ethernet Attributes | p. 449 |
| Drivers for This Solution | p. 450 |
| Ethernet Services over IP WANs | p. 450 |
| Scaling Metro Ethernet Deployments | p. 450 |
| Network Convergence | p. 451 |
| When Does This Solution Fit? | p. 452 |
| Inter-regional Support of Ethernet Services over Any L2 Transport | p. 452 |
| Ethernet Access to MPLS-based Metro Core Network | p. 452 |
| Metro Core for Ethernet over Multiple Access Networks | p. 453 |
| Multiple Services on One Network (Not Just Ethernet) | p. 454 |
| Inter-provider Handoffs Are Required | p. 454 |
| Large Numbers of Carrier-class Services Need to be Supported | p. 455 |
| Carriers Wish to Backhaul Residential Broadband Traffic | p. 455 |
| When Does This Solution Not Fit? | p. 455 |
| When Access Speed Is Equal to Trunk Speed | p. 456 |
| Deployment of a Small Number of Ethernet Services Where Alternative Infrastructure Is Available | p. 456 |
| To Extend LANs Across Regions | p. 456 |
| Benefits and Shortcomings | p. 456 |
| Benefits of Ethernet over MPLS | p. 457 |
| Shortcomings of Ethernet over MPLS | p. 458 |
| Typical Deployment Scenarios | p. 459 |
| MPLS in the Access | p. 459 |
| Triple Play Aggregation | p. 460 |
| Scaling Metro Ethernet | p. 462 |
| Business Ethernet Services | p. 463 |
| Ongoing Developments | p. 464 |
| Dynamic Multi-Segment Pseudowires | p. 464 |
| Solving the VPLS Ingress Replication Problem | p. 465 |
| Economic Assessment | p. 466 |
| Vendors Promoting This Solution | p. 467 |
| WiMAX | p. 469 |
| Technology Description | p. 470 |
| Mac | p. 470 |
| Security | p. 477 |
| Phy | p. 478 |
| Smart Antenna Technology | p. 482 |
| WiMAX Mesh | p. 482 |
| Carrier Ethernet Services over WiMAX | p. 485 |
| Drivers for This Solution | p. 486 |
| When Does This Solution Fit? | p. 486 |
| Fiber Extension: Commercial Broadband Service | p. 486 |
| Backhaul for Cellular/WiFi Hotspot and Muni-Networks | p. 488 |
| Rural Broadband Services | p. 488 |
| Urban Fixed and Mobile Broadband Services | p. 489 |
| When Does This Solution Not Fit? | p. 491 |
| Benefits and Shortcomings | p. 491 |
| Technical Benefits | p. 491 |
| Nontechnical Benefits | p. 493 |
| Shortcomings | p. 493 |
| Typical Deployment Scenarios | p. 493 |
| Ongoing Development | p. 494 |
| Economic Assessment | p. 495 |
| Vendors Promoting This Solution | p. 497 |
| A Look into the Future | |
| Evolution of Carrier Ethernet Solutions | p. 501 |
| Delivering Carrier Ethernet: A Summary of the Solutions | p. 502 |
| An Assessment of Carrier Ethernet Delivery Solutions | p. 503 |
| An Assessment Using Carrier Ethernet Attributes | p. 505 |
| How Service Providers are Employing Carrier Ethernet Solutions Today | p. 513 |
| Scenario 1 | p. 513 |
| Scenario 2 | p. 515 |
| Scenario 3 | p. 515 |
| Scenario 4 | p. 516 |
| Competitiveness in Delivering Carrier Ethernet | p. 516 |
| Key Conclusions on the Current State of Carrier Ethernet Solutions | p. 517 |
| A Look into the Future of Delivering Carrier Ethernet | p. 518 |
| Understanding the Future Demand for Carrier Ethernet | p. 519 |
| Conclusions on Carrier Ethernet Demand | p. 528 |
| Evolution of Solutions Delivering Carrier Ethernet | p. 528 |
| References | p. 530 |
| Final Thoughts | p. 531 |
| Index | p. 533 |
| Table of Contents provided by Blackwell. All Rights Reserved. |
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