Energy from Biomass A Review of Combustion

While energy is essential for development, standard fossil fuels are often in short supply in countries where it is needed most. However, alternative fuel resources abound in the form of agricultural and municipal waste or "biomass". This report reviews the state of the art of biomass combustion and gassification systems, their advantages and disadvantages. It also encourages investment in use of these technologies to enable developing countries to better exploit their biomass resources and help close the gap between their energy needs and their energy supply.

Foreword

xi

Abstract

xiii

Acknowledgments

xv

Abbreviations and Acronyms

xvi

Units and Prefixes

xvii

Introduction

1

(1)

Biomass as a Fuel

2

(5)

Types and Sources of Biomass

2

(1)

Thermal Properties of Biomass

2

(1)

Moisture Content

2

(1)

Ash Content

3

(1)

Volatile Matter Content

3

(1)

Elemental Composition

3

(1)

Heating Value

3

(1)

Bulk Density

4

(1)

Fuel Characteristics

4

(1)

Biomass Characteristics Related to the Environment

4

(3)

Contaminants

4

(1)

Nitrogen Content

5

(1)

Volatile Hydrocarbons

5

(2)

Combustion Systems and the Steam Cycle

7

(19)

Principles

7

(1)

The Furnace

7

(1)

Utilization of the Thermal Energy Contained in the Flue Gas

8

(2)

Furnace Types

10

(1)

Fixed-Bed Systems

10

(5)

Recent Developments in Fixed-Bed Systems of Less than 5 MWth

12

(1)

Flue-Gas Condensation

13

(1)

Fluidized-Bed Systems

13

(2)

Emissions from Fluidized-Bed Systems

15

(1)

Emissions Reuction

15

(3)

Process-Integrated Measures

15

(1)

Secondary Measures to Reduce Emissions

16

(2)

The Steam Cycle

18

(2)

Components of the Steam Cycle

20

(5)

Steam Boilers

20

(1)

Steam Engines

21

(1)

Steam Turbines

21

(1)

Condensers

22

(1)

Water Treatment

22

(1)

Optimizing of Steam Cycles

23

(1)

Application of Steam Cycle

24

(1)

Combined Heat and Power

25

(1)

Gasification Systems

26

(14)

Introduction

26

(1)

Fixed Bed Gasifiers

27

(4)

Updraft or Countercurrent Gasifiers

27

(1)

Downdraft or Cocurrent Gasifiers

28

(1)

Cross-Draft Gasifiers

28

(1)

Open-Core Gasifier

28

(1)

Comparison of Fixed-Bed Gasifiers

29

(1)

Developments in Fixed-Bed Gasifiers

29

(2)

Technical and Operational Problems with Fixed-Bed Gasifiers

31

(1)

Fluidized-Bed Gasifiers

31

(2)

Principles

31

(1)

Pressurized Fluidized-Bed Gasification

32

(1)

Comparison of Fixed-Bed and Fluidized-Bed Gasifiers

33

(1)

Gas Treatment

33

(1)

Tar Removal

33

(1)

Dust Removal

34

(1)

Gas Engines

34

(5)

Gas Turbines

35

(3)

Combined-Cycle STIG and STEG

38

(1)

Heat Generation

39

(1)

Combustion Versus Gasification

40

(12)

Heat Applications

40

(1)

Retrofitting of Fossil-Fuel-Fired Furnaces

40

(1)

Installation of a Prefurnace

40

(1)

Installation of a Gasifier

41

(1)

Conversion of Furnaces

41

(1)

Power Applications

41

(11)

Concepts in the 1 MW Range

42

(1)

Comparison of Gasification and the Steam-Cycle Concept in the 1 MWel Range

43

(4)

Concepts in the 5 MW Range

47

(1)

Comparison of Gasification and Steam-Cycle Concepts in the 5 MWel Range

47

(1)

Sensitivity Analysis

48

(4)

Conclusions

52

(2)

References

54

(17)

Annex 1: Formulas for Quantification of Biomass Properties

56

(2)

Moisture Content

56

(1)

Ash Content

56

(1)

Heating Values

57

(1)

Annex 2: Stoichiometric Air Requirements in the Combustion Process

58

(2)

Amount of Air to Be Supplied to the Combustion Process

58

(1)

Primary Air

58

(1)

Secondary Air

58

(1)

Combustion Products

59

(1)

Annex 3: Conversion of Heat into Power

60

(1)

Annex 4: Theory of Gasification

61

(2)

Annex 5: Financial Analysis of 1 MWel Systems

63

(8)

Annex 6: Financial Analysis of 5 MWel Systems

71

What is included with this book?

The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

FREE SHIPPING

Rent More, Save More! Use code: BBRENTAL

5% off 1 book, 7% off 2 books, 10% off 3+ books

Energy from Biomass A Review of Combustion and Gasification Technologies

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials