Computer Graphics and Virtual Environments : From Realism to Real - Time

, by Slater, Mel; Chrysanthou, Yiorgos; Steed, Anthony

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ISBN: 9780201624205 | 0201624206
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/1/2002

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This book provides a clear tutorial guide to essential concepts in computer graphics, including state-of-the-art techniques and novel applications such as virtual reality and other forms of 3D interaction. Providing a rich source of examples with which to experiment, and encouraging the development of programming skills, this book is ideal for anyone interested in the study of computer graphics.

Preface

xix

Acknowledgements

xxiii

Part 1 Introduction: Perception, light, color and math

Introduction: a phantom world of projections

(47)

Introduction

(1)

Scope

(1)

Modeling and virtual environments

(4)

Objects

(2)

Content of a VE

(2)

Realism and real-time

(10)

Geometric realism

(2)

Illumination realism

(1)

Behavioral realism

(1)

Caricatures, impressionism, and iconic representation

(2)

The tension between realism and real-time

(3)

Presence and immersion

(9)

How virtual environments work

(21)

Reality is virtual

(10)

Seeing in 3D

(6)

Time and space constancy

(1)

Hypotheses of the visual mind

(4)

Summary

(1)

Mathematics for virtual environments

(25)

Introduction

(1)

Dimension

(2)

Positions and directions: points and vectors

(5)

Relationship between points and vectors

(1)

Addition of vectors

(1)

Scaling of vectors

(1)

Norm of a vector

(1)

Inner (dot) product of two vectors

(1)

Vector cross product

(2)

Directions and angles

(4)

Directions over the unit sphere

(1)

Spherical coordinate representation

(1)

Solid angles

(2)

Projected area

(1)

Flatness-preserving transformations

(8)

Barycentric combinations: flatness

(1)

Line segments

(1)

Barycentric combinations

(2)

Affine transformations

(1)

Matrix representation of affine transformations

(1)

Matrix representation

(1)

Standard transformations

(3)

Quaternians

(5)

Definition

(1)

Quaternian addition

(1)

Scalar multiplication

(1)

Quaternian multiplication

(1)

Quaternian inverse

(1)

Polar representation of quaternians

(1)

Quaternian rotation

(1)

Summary

(1)

Lighting - the radiance equation

(16)

Lighting: the fundamental problem for computer graphics

(1)

Light

(3)

Simplifying assumptions

(1)

Radiance

(2)

Reflectance

(1)

The radiance equation

(2)

Solutions of the radiance equation

(4)

Visibility

(1)

Summary

(1)

Color and the human response to light

(30)

Introduction: color as spectral distributions

(4)

A simple model for the visual system

(2)

A simple model for an emitter system

(1)

Generating perceivable colors

(1)

The CIE-RGB color matching functions

(4)

CIE-RGB chromaticity space

101

(4)

CIE-XYZ chromaticity space

105

(3)

Some characteristics of CRT displays

108

(3)

Converting between RGB and XYZ color spaces

111

(2)

Color gamuts and undisplayable colors

113

(3)

Summary: putting it all together

116

(3)

Part 2 From realism to real-time I

A painting metaphor for computer graphics

119

(14)

Introduction - the painting metaphor

119

(3)

Simulating the painting metaphor

122

(6)

Terminology

122

(1)

A scene

122

(1)

A View: the Simple Camera

123

(1)

A rendering process: ray casting

124

(2)

Forming the displayed image

126

(2)

Major concepts of graphics

128

(3)

The radiance equation

131

(1)

Summary

131

(2)

Local illumination and ray tracing

133

(22)

Introduction

133

(2)

Diffuse reflection and Lambert's Law

135

(3)

Computing local diffuse reflection

138

(1)

A simple model for local specular reflection

139

(2)

Rendering the local illumination model with ray casting

141

(2)

Introduction to recursive ray tracing

143

(3)

Recursive ray tracing including transparent objects

146

(2)

Some details of the ray tracing algorithm

148

(2)

The direction of reflection (R)

148

(1)

Perfect specular transmission

149

(1)

Direct specular transmission

149

(1)

Intersection calculations

150

(1)

Illumination in OpenGL

150

(3)

Illumination in VRML97

153

(1)

Summary

154

(1)

Generalizing the camera

155

(7)

Introduction

155

(2)

Mapping from WC to the UVN viewing coordinate system

157

(2)

Using a general camera in ray tracing

159

(1)

VRML97 examples

160

(1)

Summary

160

(2)

Constructing a scene

162

(27)

Introduction

162

(1)

Polygons and planes

163

(5)

The plane equation

163

(2)

Intersecting polygons by rays

165

(3)

Polyhedra

168

(5)

The Vertex-Face data structure for polyhedra

168

(2)

The Winged Edge data structure

170

(3)

The scene hierarchy

173

(5)

Basic concepts

173

(3)

Matrices associated with objects

176

(1)

Data structures

177

(1)

Using OpenGL

178

(3)

Using VRML97

181

(2)

Summary

183

(6)

Appendix 8.1 - C specification of the Winged Edge data structure

184

(5)

Projection: completing the camera model

189

(40)

Introduction

189

(2)

Full camera specification

191

(3)

Projection

194

(8)

Parallel projection

195

(1)

Perspective projection

196

(1)

Canonical frames

197

(1)

Transforming to the canonical perspective frame

198

(2)

Canonical projection space

200

(1)

Incorporating the front and back clipping planes

201

(1)

Transforming the plane distances

201

(1)

A composite matrix

202

(1)

Computing the view matrix T

203

(5)

Putting it all together

208

(1)

Combining view implementation with the scene graph

209

(1)

Viewing in OpenGL

210

(7)

Creating 3D stereo views

217

(7)

Setting up a stereo view

217

(2)

Stereo views with the camera model

219

(5)

Summary

224

(5)

Appendix 9.1 Derivation of matrix in (EQ 9.8)

224

(1)

Appendix 9.2 OpenGL rendering of an object hierarchy

225

(4)

Clipping polygons

229

(14)

Introduction

229

(1)

The Sutherland-Hodgman algorithm (2D)

230

(2)

Clipping polygons - Weiler-Atherton algorithm

232

(2)

Clipping polygons in 3D

234

(8)

Clipping in projection space

235

(1)

Clipping in canonical viewing space

236

(2)

Clipping in homogeneous space

238

(4)

Summary

242

(1)

Visibility determination

243

(84)

Introduction

243

(1)

Back-face elimination

244

(2)

List priority algorithms

246

(4)

Ordering in projection space

246

(1)

Depth-sort

247

(1)

Ordering of polygons in object space

248

(2)

Binary space partition trees

250

(9)

Constructing a BSP tree

250

(3)

Rendering a scene represented as a BSP tree

253

(1)

Constructing a better tree

254

(1)

Using BSP trees in dynamic scenes

255

(4)

Summary

259

(67)

Aspect graphs

314

(1)

Discontinuity meshing

315

(3)

Locating the discontinuities

318

(3)

Constructing the mesh an the faces

321

(1)

Illuminating the mesh vertices

322

(2)

Discontinuity meshing in practice

324

(1)

Sampling

325

(1)

Summary

326

(1)

An Introduction to radiosity

327

(16)

Introduction

327

(1)

Form-factors: energy between two patches

328

(2)

The radiosity equations

330

(1)

Computing the form-factors

331

(4)

The Nusselt Analog and hemicube approximation

331

(3)

Computing form-factors with ray casting

334

(1)

The progressive refinement method

335

(2)

Algorithm

335

(1)

Including an ambient term

336

(1)

Meshing

337

(4)

Uniform meshing

337

(1)

Adaptive subdivision

337

(1)

Hierarchical radiosity

338

(3)

Discontinuity meshing

341

(1)

Rendering

341

(1)

Summary

341

(2)

Faster ray tracing

343

(11)

Introduction

343

(1)

Intersection calculations

344

(1)

Bounding volumes and hierarchies

344

(2)

Bounding volumes

344

(1)

Hierarchical bounding volumes

345

(1)

The selection of bounding volumes

346

(1)

Uniform space subdivision

346

(2)

Non-uniform space subdivision

348

(2)

Octrees

348

(1)

BSP trees

349

(1)

Ray coherence methods

350

(3)

The Light Buffer - efficient shadow testing

351

(1)

Ray classification

351

(2)

Summary

353

(1)

Clipping and rendering lines

354

(21)

Introduction

354

(1)

Clipping line segments

355

(11)

Line equations and intersections

355

(2)

The 2D clipping region

357

(1)

The Cohen-Sutherland algorithm

358

(3)

Implementation of Cohen-Sutherland line Segment Clipping

361

(1)

Parametric line clipping

362

(2)

Nicholl-Lee-Nicholl line clipping

364

(2)

Rasterization of line segments

366

(4)

A simple method

366

(1)

Bresenham's line drawing algorithm

367

(3)

Tracing a ray through a uniformly subdivided space

370

(4)

Summary

374

(1)

Part 4 Solids, curves and surfaces

Constructive solid geometry

375

(8)

Introduction

375

(2)

Quadric surfaces

377

(3)

Ray classification and combination

380

(2)

Summary

382

(1)

Introduction to computer aided geometric design

383

(51)

Introduction

383

(1)

Polynomials and blossoms

384

(4)

Polynomials

384

(1)

Revision of functions and affine maps

385

(1)

Multi-affine maps

386

(1)

Properties of multi-affine maps

386

(1)

Blossoming theorem

387

(1)

Blossoms and Bezier Curves

388

(6)

de Casteljau triangles

388

(2)

Bezier curves

390

(2)

Properties of the Bezier curve

392

(1)

The de Casteljau algorithm

392

(2)

Bezier curves and the Bernstein basis

394

(3)

Polynomial form of the Bezier curve

394

(1)

Bernstein basis

395

(1)

Tangent vectors

395

(2)

Degree-Raising Bezier curves

397

(3)

Making use of degenerate polynomials

397

(1)

Blossoms and degenerate polynomials

398

(1)

Application to Bezier curves

398

(1)

General result

399

(1)

Rational Bezier curves

400

(2)

Introduction

400

(1)

Rational Bezier curves

400

(1)

Evaluating a rational curve

401

(1)

Converting from general to Bezier form

402

(1)

Properties

402

(1)

Joining curves together: continuity

402

(5)

Piecewise polynomial curve segments

402

(1)

Parametric continuity

403

(1)

Geometric continuity

404

(1)

Derivatives from blossoms

405

(1)

Continuity condition

406

(1)

B-spline curves

407

(8)

Piecewise polynomial curves

407

(1)

A single polynomial segment

407

(1)

Two-polynomial curve segments

408

(2)

Examples and relations to Bezier points

410

(1)

Computation (de Boor algorithm)

411

(1)

Remarks about knot sequences and control points

412

(1)

Knot insertion

413

(1)

Multiple knot insertion - Oslo algorithm

414

(1)

B-spline basis functions

415

(3)

Introduction to surfaces

418

(1)

Parametric surfaces

419

(3)

The Bernstein basis representation

419

(2)

Blossoms for rectangular Bezier patches

421

(1)

B-spline surfaces

422

(1)

Triangular Bezier patches

422

(3)

Cubic B-spline interpolation

425

(3)

The curve interpolation problem

425

(1)

A solution for cubic B-spline curves

425

(2)

Matrix equation

427

(1)

Evaluating polynomials

428

(5)

Forward differences

428

(2)

Adaptive forward differences

430

(3)

Summary

433

(1)

Part 5 Dynamic: and interaction in virtual environments

Human dynamics in a virtual world

434

(15)

Introduction

434

(1)

Virtual reality model

435

(4)

Immersion

436

(1)

Human-computer interface

437

(1)

Interaction within the virtual reality model

438

(1)

Simulation of body

439

(2)

Building the body model

439

(1)

Tracking the participant

440

(1)

Interacting with the virtual body

441

(3)

Object manipulation

442

(1)

Locomotion

443

(1)

Body-centered navigation

444

(1)

Object pair collision detection

444

(2)

Exhaustive test

444

(1)

Basic rejection tests

445

(1)

Bounding box range tests

446

(1)

General collision detection

446

(1)

A note on VRML

447

(1)

Summary

448

(1)

Real-time Interaction

449

(16)

Introduction

449

(1)

Desktop interaction devices

450

(2)

Selection

452

(1)

Manipulation

453

(1)

Translation with a 2D device

453

(1)

Rotation with a 2D device

454

(1)

Locomotion

454

(3)

Specifying locomotion with a 2D device

455

(1)

Scale and accuracy

456

(1)

Use of a virtual body

456

(1)

Avoiding modality in the interface

457

(1)

Constraints

457

(1)

Virtual widgets

458

(1)

C examples

458

(4)

VRML examples

462

(2)

Vehicles

462

(1)

Sensors

463

(1)

Summary

464

(1)

Part 6 From realism to real-time

Ray-based methods for global illumination

465

(24)

Introduction

465

(1)

Ray tracing methods

465

(4)

Ray tracing

465

(2)

Ray space methods for ray tracing

467

(1)

Discrete ray tracing

468

(1)

Distributed ray tracing

469

(10)

Monte Carlo methods

469

(1)

Aliasing

470

(2)

The reflection and lighting model

472

(1)

Depth of field

473

(4)

Motion blur

477

(1)

Summary of distributed ray tracing

478

(1)

Path tracing

479

(4)

Integrating radiosity and ray tracing

483

(1)

Photon tracing

484

(4)

Density estimation

484

(1)

KD-trees

485

(1)

Photon maps

486

(2)

Summary

488

(1)

Advanced real-time rendering for virtual environments

489

(36)

Introduction

489

(1)

Visibility processing

490

(13)

View volume and backface culling

491

(2)

Occlusion culling

493

(1)

Image space occlusion

493

(5)

Object space occlusion

498

(1)

Selecting good occluders

499

(1)

Architectural scenes

500

(3)

Multi-resolution representations

503

(5)

Static level of detail

503

(2)

Progressive meshes

505

(1)

Mesh decimation

506

(1)

Frame rate control

507

(1)

Image-based rendering

508

(3)

Light fields

511

(9)

Introduction

511

(3)

Rendering: interpolation

514

(3)

Representing light fields

517

(1)

Practical issues

518

(1)

Further developments

519

(1)

Summary

519

(1)

Full screen anti-aliasing

520

(2)

VRML examples

522

(1)

Summary

523

(2)

Appendix A Introduction to VRML

525

(13)

A.1 Introduction

525

(1)

A.2 VRML as scene description

526

(5)

Nodes and fields

526

(1)

Technicalities

527

(1)

Shapes and geometry

528

(1)

Groups, transformations, and scene graphs

528

(2)

Lights

530

(1)

A.3 VRML as animation description

531

(4)

Abstract data flow

531

(1)

Fields revisited

531

(1)

Data flow and routes

532

(1)

Animation, TimeSensors, and Interpolators

533

(2)

A.4 VRML as interactive experience

535

(2)

Scripting

535

(2)

A.5 Summary

537

(1)

References

538

(19)

Index

557

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Computer Graphics and Virtual Environments : From Realism to Real - Time

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Computer Graphics and Virtual Environments : From Realism to Real - Time

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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