Essential Medical Statistics

Essential Medical Statistics is a classic amongst medical statisticians. An introductory textbook, it presents statistics with a clarity and logic that demystifies the subject, while providing a comprehensive coverage of advanced as well as basic methods.

Betty R. Kirkwood and Jonathan A. C. Sterne are the authors of Essential Medical Statistics, 2nd Edition, published by Wiley.

Preface to the second edition

vii

Preface to the first edition

ix

Part A: Basics

Using this book

3

(6)

Defining the data

9

(6)

Displaying the data

15

(18)

Part B: Analysis of numerical outcomes

Means, standard deviations and standard errors

33

(9)

The normal distribution

42

(8)

Confidence interval for a mean

50

(8)

Comparison of two means: confidence intervals, hypothesis tests and P-values

58

(13)

Using P-values and confidence intervals to interpret the results of statistical analyses

71

(9)

Comparison of means from several groups: analysis of variance

80

(7)

Linear regression and correlation

87

(11)

Multiple regression

98

(9)

Goodness of fit and regression diagnostics

107

(11)

Transformations

118

(13)

Part C: Analysis of binary outcomes

Probability, risk and odds (of disease)

131

(7)

Proportions and the binomial distribution

138

(10)

Comparing two proportions

148

(17)

Chi-squared tests for 2 x 2 and larger contingency tables

165

(12)

Controlling for confounding: stratification

177

(12)

Logistic regression: comparing two or more exposure groups

189

(16)

Logistic regression: controlling for confounding and other extensions

205

(9)

Matched studies

214

(13)

Part D: Longitudinal studies: Analysis of rates and survival times

Longitudinal studies, rates and the Poisson distribution

227

(13)

Comparing rates

240

(9)

Poisson regression

249

(14)

Standardization

263

(9)

Survival analysis: displaying and comparing survival patterns

272

(15)

Regression analysis of survival data

287

(10)

Part E: Statistical modelling

Likelihood

297

(18)

Regression modelling

315

(28)

Relaxing model assumptions

343

(12)

Analysis of clustered data

355

(16)

Systematic reviews and meta-analysis

371

(17)

Bayesian statistics

388

(7)

Part F: Study design, analysis and interpretation

Linking analysis to study design: summary of methods

395

(18)

Calculation of required sample size

413

(16)

Measurement error: assessment and implications

429

(18)

Measures of association and impact

447

(11)

Strategies for analysis

458

(29)

Appendix: Statistical tables

A1 Areas in tail of the standard normal distribution

470

(2)

A2 Percentage points of the standard normal distribution

472

(1)

A3 Percentage points of the t distribution

473

(1)

A4 Two-sided P-values for the t distribution, according to the value of the test statistic

474

(2)

A5 Percentage points of the χ2 distribution

476

(1)

A6 Probits

477

(2)

A7 Critical values for the Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank test

479

(1)

A8 Critical ranges for the Wilcoxon rank sum test

480

(2)

A9 Random numbers

482

(5)

Bibliography

487

(6)

Index

493

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Essential Medical Statistics

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials