Intercultural Communication

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ISBN: 9781931442015 | 1931442010
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An Introduction to the Nature of Communication	p. 1
Key Terms	p. 1
Various Uses of the Word Communication	p. 2
Communicative Behavior: Primary or Secondary	p. 3
Structure of Communication	p. 3
The Participants: The Sender and Receiver	p. 4
Roles and Statuses	p. 5
Kinds of Statuses and Their Associated Roles	p. 6
Types of Communication	p. 7
Content and Method: Message, Code, Channel, and Medium	p. 7
Message	p. 7
Code	p. 7
Channel	p. 8
Medium	p. 9
Mass Media	p. 9
Context	p. 9
Summary	p. 11
Introduction to Culture	p. 13
Key Terms	p. 13
What Is Culture?	p. 14
Variation in Social Structure	p. 14
Variation in Definition: Technical and Popular Definitions of Culture	p. 16
Culture and cultures	p. 16
Culture and Behavior	p. 17
Psychological Aspects of Culture	p. 17
Levels of Socio-Cultural Integration	p. 18
Culture: Actual, Stated, and Ideal	p. 18
Parallels in Behavior	p. 19
Culture Is Shared	p. 19
Culture Is Integrated	p. 20
Culture Is Rules	p. 21
Culture As Symbol System	p. 22
Culture As Organizer of Experience and Reality	p. 22
Culture Is Learned	p. 22
Weinreich and the Concept of Interference	p. 23
Acculturation	p. 24
The Impact of Culture and Behavior	p. 24
Culture As Cognition and Behavior	p. 24
Values, Beliefs, and Behaviors	p. 24
Cultures and Subcultures	p. 25
Encountering Other Cultures	p. 26
Learning Language and Learning Culture	p. 27
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism	p. 27
A Word of Caution	p. 28
Actual, Stated, and Idealized Behavior	p. 29
Culture, Cultures, and Subcultures	p. 31
Social Systems	p. 32
Summary	p. 32
The Nature of Symbols and Meaning	p. 33
Key Terms	p. 33
Indices, Symbols and Icons	p. 34
Indices	p. 34
Symbols	p. 35
Motivated Symbols or Icons	p. 35
Structural Nature of Linguistic Symbols	p. 36
The Structure of Language: The Linguistic Code	p. 36
The Linguistic Model	p. 37
Morphemes and Words	p. 38
Morphemes and Syntax	p. 39
Performance Variables: Variations in Speaking	p. 40
Volume, Speed, and Tone	p. 40
Choices Open to Participants in Verbal Communication	p. 41
Linguistic Variation	p. 41
Meaning of Symbols	p. 41
Denotation and Connotation	p. 42
Emotive Meaning	p. 42
Referential and Nonreferential Meaning	p. 43
The Symbolic Aspect of Culture	p. 43
Social Structure Can Be Symbolized	p. 44
Abstract Symbols	p. 45
Structure and Analysis of Meaning	p. 45
Semantic Oppositions and Implications in Meaning	p. 45
The Concept of Markedness	p. 46
Markedness and Foregrounding	p. 46
Symbols in Culture	p. 47
Summary	p. 47
Manipulation of Variables	p. 49
Key Terms	p. 49
Introduction to Variables	p. 50
Codes, Channels, and Media As Variables	p. 50
Interdependency of Code, Channel, and Medium	p. 50
Choices in Linguistic Codes	p. 51
Choice of Medium	p. 53
Methods of Interaction	p. 53
Face-to-Face Versus Mediated Communication	p. 53
Technical Modification of Communication	p. 54
Written Communication	p. 55
Mechanical Means	p. 55
Electronic Communication	p. 56
Types of Interaction	p. 57
One- and Two-Way Interaction	p. 57
Speed of Interaction	p. 58
Multi-Channel Transmissions	p. 59
Senders and Receivers	p. 61
Selection of Receivers	p. 61
Intermediaries	p. 62
Receivers and Destinations	p. 64
Audience	p. 64
Credibility of the Status of Senders and Receivers	p. 64
Conclusions	p. 66
Summary	p. 67
Non-Verbal Communication	p. 69
Key Terms	p. 69
Communicating without Language	p. 70
Human Body As Symbol	p. 71
Types of Non-Verbal Codes and Channels	p. 71
Culture and Non-Verbal Communication	p. 73
Touching As a Form of Non-Verbal Communication	p. 74
Tactile Communication	p. 74
Manners of Touch: Intensity, Duration, and Repetition	p. 76
Meaning of Touching	p. 76
Historical Changes in the Meaning of Touching	p. 78
The Tactile Channel	p. 79
Gesture and Posture: Kinesics	p. 79
Gesture and Posture	p. 79
Instrumental and Communicative Movement	p. 79
Micro- and Macroanalysis: Birdwhistle's Microlinguistic Analysis	p. 79
Lexical Treatment	p. 80
Classification of Gestures and Body Movements	p. 80
Ekman's Classification	p. 80
Symbolic Indexical Dimension (Cognitive-Emotive)	p. 82
Culture and Kinesics	p. 82
Efron's Study	p. 82
Distance and Space: Proxemics	p. 83
Alterations of the Body	p. 84
Temporary and Permanent Changes	p. 85
The Extension of the Body	p. 85
Manipulation of and Attachment of Material Objects onto the Human Body	p. 85
Summary	p. 86
Actions	p. 89
Key Terms	p. 89
Acts As a Form of Communication	p. 90
Communications Model and Acts	p. 90
Ritualized and Nonritualized Acts	p. 92
Ritualized Events	p. 93
Nonritualized Events	p. 93
Phatic Communion and "Small Talk"	p. 94
Use of Sentence Types	p. 96
Favors, Requests, and Demands	p. 97
Suggestions and Offers of Help	p. 97
Jokes and Humor	p. 97
Meetings and Social Encounters	p. 98
Visiting	p. 99
Gift Giving and Receiving	p. 100
Eating and Drinking	p. 101
Life Cycle Events	p. 101
Illness	p. 102
Violation of Rules	p. 102
Dialogues with Acts	p. 103
Structure of Linguistic Interaction	p. 104
Organization of Conversation: Organization of Encounter Approach	p. 104
Terms of Address	p. 105
Conversational Analysis: Role and Turn Taking	p. 105
Summary	p. 105
Message and Meaning	p. 107
Key Terms	p. 107
The Nature of Messages: Encoding	p. 108
Transmitting Messages	p. 110
Miscommunication	p. 111
The Task of Decoding	p. 113
Presupposition	p. 115
Immediate Context	p. 115
Differences between Intra- and Intercultural Communication	p. 116
Pike's "Emic-Etic" Theory	p. 117
Broader Implications of Cultural Presuppositions	p. 120
What Cultures Deem Significant	p. 122
The Concept of Art As Communication	p. 124
The Concept of Aesthetics	p. 125
Establishment and Manipulation of Variables	p. 125
Meaning	p. 126
Summary	p. 127
Dimensions of Intercultural Communication	p. 129
Key Terms	p. 129
The Ways in Which Linguistic Choices Carry Meaning	p. 130
Linguistic Codes: Degree of Sharing	p. 130
Code Switching	p. 132
Language in Society	p. 134
The Social Functions of Language	p. 134
Social Stratification and Language	p. 134
Political Power and Language	p. 135
Politicized Situation	p. 136
Attitudes toward Language	p. 136
Language As the Repository for Social and Political Values	p. 137
Language and Ethnicity and Nationalism	p. 137
Problems Involved in Language Contact	p. 137
Bilingualism and Multilingualism	p. 138
Attempts to Find a Common Code: Spontaneous Solutions--Lingua Franca, Pidgins, and Creoles	p. 138
Official Sanctions on Choice of Language	p. 139
Institutionalized Solutions to Finding a Common Code	p. 139
Artificial Languages and Computer Translations	p. 139
Summary	p. 140
Intercultural Communication: The Final Frontier	p. 141
Key Terms	p. 141
General Introduction	p. 142
The Nature of Societies	p. 142
Social Structure	p. 142
Universality of Culture Makes Intercultural Communication Possible	p. 143
Intercultural Problems Involving Codes	p. 144
Cultural Differences	p. 144
Dependency between Symbols	p. 146
The Cultural Matrix	p. 146
Presupposition in Language and Culture	p. 147
The Rational Person	p. 148
Linguistic Presupposition	p. 148
Relationship of Cultural Presupposition to Communication	p. 150
Politeness and Rudeness	p. 150
Concepts of Time	p. 150
Public and Private	p. 151
Acceptable and Unacceptable (Political Correctness)	p. 151
Now, Begin!	p. 151
References	p. 155
Glossary	p. 163
Index	p. 167
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Intercultural Communication

Table of Contents

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