Grid Computing For Electromagnetics

Today, more and more practitioners, researchers, and students are utilizing the power and efficiency of grid computing for their increasingly complex electromagnetics applications. This cutting-edge book offers you the practical and comprehensive guidance you need to use this new approach to supercomputing for your challenging projects. Supported with over 110 illustrations, the book clearly describes a high-performance, low-cost method to solving huge numerical electromagnetics problems.

Luciano Tarricone is a professor of electromagnetic fields and antennas and propagation at the University of Lecce, Italy.

Acknowledgments

xi

Introduction

xiii

Grid Computing: What Is It?

xiii

Grid Computing: Who Is Who?

xv

Grid Computing: An Opportunity for Electromagnetics Research

xv

How to Read This Book

xvii

A Final Note

xviii

References

xviii

General Concepts on Grids

1

(22)

Introduction

1

(1)

Parallel and Distributed Architectures

2

(3)

Parallel and Distributed Topologies

5

(2)

Parallel and Distributed Programming

7

(3)

Message Passing

8

(1)

Shared-Memory Programming

9

(1)

Concluding Remarks: Programming Paradigms and Parallel Architectures

10

(1)

Performance Assessment

10

(1)

Web Computing

11

(3)

Computational Grids

14

(7)

Introduction

14

(1)

What Is a Grid?

15

(2)

Grid Architecture

17

(2)

Grid Middleware

19

(1)

Applications

20

(1)

Conclusions

21

(2)

References

21

(2)

Enabling Technologies and Dedicated Tools

23

(34)

Introduction

23

(1)

Enabling Technologies: Object Orientation

24

(6)

Object Orientation for Software Engineering

24

(1)

Object Orientation for Enabling Technologies

25

(1)

CORBA

26

(1)

Java

27

(1)

Object Orientation and Electromagnetic Simulators

28

(1)

Conclusions

29

(1)

Dedicated Tools: Grid Middleware

30

(1)

The Globus Toolkit: An Overview

30

(1)

The Globus Toolkit: The Globus Security Infrastructure

31

(7)

Authorization

32

(1)

Mutual Authentication

33

(2)

Single Sign On and Delegation

35

(2)

Other Services

37

(1)

The Globus Toolkit: The Resource Management Pillar

38

(4)

The Globus Toolkit: The Information Services Pillar

42

(4)

MDS Directory Service: Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

43

(1)

MDS Information Model

43

(3)

The Globus Toolkit: The Data Management Pillar

46

(2)

Distributed Data Access and Management

46

(1)

Dataset Replicas Services

47

(1)

Conclusions

48

(1)

The Globus Tools API

48

(1)

The MPI with Globus

49

(2)

Dedicated Tools: Economy-Driven RM in Grids

51

(1)

Web-Based Technologies and Projects

51

(2)

Grid-Enabled HTC: Condor-G

53

(4)

References

53

(4)

Building Up a Grid

57

(32)

Introduction

57

(1)

Recalling Globus Basic Concepts

58

(2)

Setting Up the Environment

60

(2)

Hardware Requirements

60

(1)

Software Requirements

60

(1)

Setting Up the Network

60

(1)

Before Installing Globus

61

(1)

Globus Installation

62

(2)

Downloading the Package

62

(1)

Installing the Toolkit

63

(1)

Globus Configuration

64

(8)

Authorization

65

(1)

Authentication

66

(1)

Using the Globus CA

66

(2)

Using a Local CA

68

(4)

Services Start Up

72

(2)

Resource Management

72

(1)

Information Services

72

(1)

Data Management

73

(1)

Introducing a New User to the Grid

74

(1)

Client Side

74

(1)

Server Side

74

(1)

Globus-Relevant Commands to Use the Grid

74

(8)

Authentication

75

(1)

Resource Management

75

(3)

Information Services

78

(2)

Data Management

80

(2)

Developing Grid-Enabled Applications

82

(3)

An Example with Globus API

83

(2)

Message Passing in a Grid Framework

85

(2)

Summary and Conclusions

87

(2)

References

87

(2)

Applications: FDTD with MPI in Grid Environments

89

(32)

Introduction

89

(1)

The FDTD Approach: Theoretical Background

89

(7)

Yee's Algorithm

89

(3)

Stability of the Algorithm

92

(1)

Numerical Dispersion

92

(1)

Excitation and Absorbing Boundary Conditions

93

(2)

CPU Time and Memory Requirements

95

(1)

Parallel FDTD

96

(12)

A Simple and Portable Parallel Algorithm

96

(12)

Migration Toward Computational Grids

108

(3)

Introduction

108

(1)

Practical Guidelines

109

(1)

Pthread Libraries and MPICH-G2

110

(1)

Numerical Performance

111

(5)

Performance Evaluation of Parallel Distributed FDTD

111

(1)

MPICH-G2 Performance Evaluation

112

(3)

Benchmarking Parallel FDTD on a Grid

115

(1)

Remarkable Achievements

116

(1)

Conclusions

117

(4)

Acknowledgments

117

(1)

References

117

(4)

CAE of Aperture-Antenna Arrays

121

(32)

Introduction

121

(2)

Numerical Techniques for the Analysis of Flange-Mounted Rectangular Apertures

123

(5)

Theoretical Background

123

(2)

Approaches Based on Waveguide Modes

125

(2)

Approaches Based on Gegenbauer's Polynomials

127

(1)

A Tool for the CAE of Rectangular Aperture Antenna Arrays

128

(7)

Evaluation of the Horns' Scattering Matrix

129

(1)

Evaluation of the Aperture Array's Scattering Matrix

130

(2)

Evaluation of the Scattering Matrix at External Ports

132

(2)

Evaluation of the Radiation Pattern

134

(1)

Parallel CAE of Aperture Arrays

135

(9)

Preliminary Analysis

136

(3)

Parallelization

139

(3)

Results on MIMD Supercomputing Platforms

142

(2)

Migration Toward Grid Environments

144

(6)

Supporting Cooperative Engineering with GC

145

(5)

Conclusions

150

(3)

Acknowledgments

151

(1)

References

151

(2)

Wireless Radio Base Station Networks

153

(30)

Introduction

153

(1)

Foundations of Cellular Systems

154

(6)

General Considerations

154

(1)

Frequency Reuse

155

(2)

Capacity and Traffic

157

(1)

How a Cellular System Connects Users

158

(1)

BS Antennas

158

(2)

Key Factors for Current and Future Wireless Communications

160

(2)

Power Control

160

(1)

Managing with More and More Users

161

(1)

System Standardization and Interoperability

161

(1)

Concerns in the Public Opinion

162

(1)

Planning Wireless Networks

162

(1)

An Integrated System for Optimum Wireless Network Planning

163

(6)

Overview of the System

164

(5)

A Candidate Architecture for an Effective ISNOP

169

(1)

GC and Its Role in the ISNOP

170

(1)

Wireless Network Planning with GC

170

(10)

Data Communication with GC in a Simplified ISNOP

173

(5)

ENC Module Simulation

178

(2)

Conclusions

180

(3)

Acknowledgments

181

(1)

References

181

(2)

Conclusions and Future Trends

183

(4)

GC: Benefits and Limitations

183

(1)

GC Trends

184

(3)

References

185

(2)

APPENDIX A Useful UNIX/Linux Hints

187

(12)

A.1 UNIX/Linux Operating System: An Overview

187

(1)

A.2 UNIX/Linux: The Architecture

188

(1)

A.3 The File System

188

(5)

A.3.1 Introduction

188

(1)

A.3.2 File System Relevant Commands

189

(2)

A.3.3 Pathnames

191

(1)

A.3.4 System Calls for File Management

192

(1)

A.3.5 Permissions

192

(1)

A.4 Processes

193

(1)

A.5 Administration

194

(1)

A.6 The Shell

194

(5)

A.6.1 Introduction

194

(2)

A.6.2 Background Command Execution

196

(1)

A.6.3 Redirection

196

(1)

A.6.4 Pipes

197

(1)

A.6.5 Environment Variables

197

(1)

References

198

(1)

APPENDIX B Foundations of Cryptography and Security

199

(8)

B.1 Introduction

199

(1)

B.2 Confidentiality and Cryptography

200

(2)

B.3 Digital Signature

202

(1)

B.4 Certificates and Certification Authorities

203

(4)

References

205

(2)

APPENDIX C Foundations for Electromagnetic Theory

207

(8)

C.1 Maxwell's Equations in the Time Domain

207

(1)

C.2 Helmholtz and Dispersion Equations

208

(1)

C.3 TE and TM Modes

209

(1)

C.4 Fourier Representation of Green's Functions

210

(2)

C.5 The Far-Field Approximation

212

(3)

Reference

213

(2)

APPENDIX D List of Useful Web Sites

215

(2)

Glossary

217

(10)

List of Acronyms

227

(6)

Selected Bibliography

233

(6)

About the Authors

239

(2)

Index

241

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Grid Computing For Electromagnetics

Summary

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