- ISBN: 9781604270372 | 1604270373
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 8/1/2010
About the Authors | p. xi |
Web Added ValueÖ | p. xiii |
p. xv | |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Worship Space Acoustics | p. 1 |
Fundamentals-Nature of Sound | p. 3 |
Some Important Properties of Sound | p. 3 |
Sound Pressure, Sound Pressure Level, and Sound Level | p. 6 |
Sound Pressure Level and Sound Power | p. 7 |
Using the Decibel Scale | p. 8 |
Spectra of Voice and Music | p. 11 |
Hearing | p. 15 |
Basic Properties | p. 15 |
Directional Properties | p. 17 |
Masking and Critical Bands | p. 18 |
Hearing Impairment | p. 18 |
Effects of Masking in Time | p. 21 |
Room Acoustics Fundamentals | p. 25 |
Propagation and the Reflection of Sound | p. 25 |
Outdoor Sound | p. 27 |
Geometrical Acoustics, Wave Packets, and Sound Rays | p. 28 |
Reflection of Sound | p. 31 |
Sound Decay in Rooms and Sabine's Equation | p. 34 |
Reverberation Time and Reverberation Curves | p. 36 |
Spatial Properties of Reverberant Sound | p. 36 |
Loudness of Sounds in Rooms | p. 38 |
Sound Pressure Level Behavior in Rooms | p. 39 |
Sound-absorbing Materials | p. 41 |
Introduction | p. 41 |
Absorption Coefficient and Absorption Area | p. 41 |
Porous Absorbers | p. 42 |
Disadvantages of Porous Sound Absorbers | p. 48 |
Resonant Absorbers | p. 50 |
Membrane-type Absorbers | p. 51 |
Helmholtz Resonators | p. 51 |
Resonator Panels | p. 52 |
Adjustable Sound Absorption | p. 53 |
Sound Absorption by Audience | p. 54 |
Residual Sound-absorption Area | p. 58 |
Metrics for Room Acoustics | p. 59 |
Introduction | p. 59 |
Impulse Response | p. 59 |
Reverberation Time | p. 60 |
Early Decay Times | p. 62 |
Clarity-Early-to-Reverberant Ratio | p. 62 |
Initial Time-delay Gap | p. 62 |
Speech Intelligibility and Articulation | p. 63 |
Speech Intelligibility Metrics | p. 63 |
Additional Room Acoustics Metrics | p. 66 |
Strength Index | p. 66 |
Bass Ratio | p. 66 |
Brilliance | p. 67 |
Lateral Energy Fraction | p. 67 |
Interaural Cross-correlation | p. 68 |
Simulation and Prediction | p. 71 |
Simulation and Prediction in Room Acoustics | p. 71 |
Ultrasonic Scale Modeling | p. 71 |
Acoustical Computer-aided Design | p. 73 |
Auralization | p. 74 |
Planning for Good Room Acoustics | p. 79 |
Introduction | p. 79 |
Psychoacoustics: The Precedence Effect and Binaural Unmasking | p. 81 |
Seating Area | p. 81 |
Floor Plans | p. 83 |
Lengthwise Sections | p. 87 |
Crosswise Sections | p. 89 |
Preferred Reverberation Time | p. 91 |
Coloration | p. 93 |
Echo | p. 95 |
Some Sound-reflection Problems | p. 96 |
Domes and Other Curved Surfaces | p. 96 |
Whispering Galleries | p. 98 |
Pillars | p. 99 |
Annexes and Dual-slope Reverberation Curves | p. 99 |
Balconies | p. 100 |
Reflectors | p. 103 |
Barriers and Mechitzot | p. 104 |
Diffusers | p. 105 |
Temporary Structures and Tents | p. 105 |
Rooms for Speech | p. 108 |
Rooms for Music | p. 110 |
General Recommendations | p. 110 |
Organ Placement | p. 112 |
Organ and Choir Arrangements | p. 115 |
Quiet | p. 117 |
Noise, Annoyance, and Sound Quality | p. 117 |
Noise Criteria | p. 118 |
Mechanical Equipment Room and General Isolation | p. 121 |
Basic Planning | p. 121 |
Construction and Details | p. 122 |
Doors | p. 122 |
Reverberant Sound Reduction | p. 122 |
Mechanical Shafts and Chases | p. 124 |
Fan Selection and Sound Output | p. 124 |
Fan Types | p. 124 |
Prediction of Fan Sound Power and Calculations for Room Noise Level | p. 124 |
Silencers | p. 125 |
Diffusers, Grilles, and Dampers | p. 125 |
Vibration Isolation | p. 126 |
Basic Planning | p. 126 |
Housekeeping Pads | p. 127 |
Floating Floors and Vibration-isolation Inertia Bases | p. 127 |
Pipe and Duct Connections | p. 129 |
Chair-scrape Noise | p. 131 |
Sound Isolation and Other Noise Issues | p. 133 |
Sound Transmission | p. 133 |
Noise Reduction and Sound Transmission Loss | p. 134 |
Efficient Sound Isolation | p. 136 |
Effect of Background or Masking Noise | p. 136 |
Transmission Loss Curves of Typical Walls | p. 137 |
A Balanced Spectrum Design | p. 138 |
The Coincidence Effect | p. 139 |
Average Transmission Loss and Sound Transmission Class | p. 140 |
Laboratory vs. Field Measurements | p. 141 |
Effects of Leaks | p. 141 |
Complex or Double Partitions | p. 142 |
Control of Flanking Sound Transmission | p. 145 |
Music Practice and Teaching Facilities | p. 146 |
Basic Planning | p. 146 |
Privacy | p. 146 |
Sound-isolating Windows, Partitions, and Doors | p. 149 |
Exterior Noise | p. 152 |
Sound Systems for Clarity and Reverberation | p. 153 |
Introduction | p. 153 |
Sound Level Amplification | p. 153 |
Increased Clarity or Increased Reverberation | p. 154 |
Frequency Response | p. 155 |
Freedom from Distortion and Noise | p. 155 |
Directional Realism | p. 155 |
Balance between Clarity and Spaciousness/Liveliness | p. 155 |
Sound System Uses Other than Reinforcement | p. 156 |
Basic Types of Worship Space Sound Reinforcement Systems | p. 156 |
Type I: Central Systems | p. 157 |
Type II: Split Central System | p. 157 |
Type III: Conventional Distributed Systems | p. 160 |
Type IV: Pew-back System | p. 162 |
Type V: Distributed Directional Horn System | p. 164 |
Type VI: Distributed Delayed Column System | p. 165 |
Type VII: Horizontal Line Source | p. 166 |
Equipment | p. 169 |
Microphones | p. 169 |
Contact Pick-up Devices | p. 172 |
Preamplification | p. 173 |
General Control Equipment | p. 173 |
Operated vs. Automatic Systems | p. 173 |
Control Consoles and Mixer Preamplifiers | p. 176 |
Controls Usually Fixed | p. 177 |
Location of Controls | p. 177 |
Delay Equipment | p. 178 |
Feedback Protection | p. 178 |
Crossovers | p. 179 |
Power Amplification | p. 181 |
Loudspeakers | p. 181 |
Applications | p. 188 |
Basic Reinforcement System | p. 188 |
Archival Recording System | p. 190 |
Monitoring and Paging Systems | p. 190 |
Surround and Electronic Reverberation Systems | p. 191 |
Acoustical Envelope or Stage Communication System | p. 195 |
Hearing Assistance and Simultaneous Translation | p. 195 |
Production Communications | p. 195 |
System Planning and Implementation | p. 196 |
Design | p. 196 |
p. 203 | |
Synagogues | p. 205 |
History | p. 205 |
Modern Synagogue Architecture | p. 210 |
Separation of Sexes: The Mechitzah | p. 214 |
Small Synagogues | p. 215 |
Synagogues as Study Halls: Beit Ha-Midrash | p. 216 |
Jewish Communities | p. 217 |
Chassidism | p. 218 |
Reform Movement | p. 219 |
Conservative Movement | p. 221 |
Noise Issues | p. 223 |
Overflow Seating | p. 223 |
Room Finishes | p. 223 |
Use of Sound Amplification | p. 224 |
Summary | p. 226 |
Churches | p. 227 |
Introduction | p. 227 |
Historical Survey of Christian Liturgy | p. 227 |
Acoustics for Christian Worship | p. 230 |
Reverberant Acoustics-Roman Catholic Liturgy as an Example | p. 234 |
Typical Liturgical Music for Reverberant Spaces | p. 234 |
Acoustics for Liturgy | p. 235 |
Example Projects: Reverberant/Semi-reverberant Spaces | p. 240 |
Absorptive Acoustics-Evangelical/Blended Worship as an Example | p. 247 |
Typical Worship Music in Spaces with Absorptive Acoustics | p. 247 |
Acoustics for Worship in Absorptive Spaces | p. 248 |
Example Projects: Absorptive/Semi-absorptive Spaces | p. 249 |
Summary | p. 254 |
Mosques | p. 257 |
Historic Development | p. 257 |
Worship Characteristics | p. 259 |
Music in Islamic Worship | p. 260 |
Mosque Acoustics and Sound Systems | p. 261 |
Traditional Mosques | p. 261 |
Contemporary Mosques | p. 264 |
Noise Control Considerations | p. 268 |
Minarets | p. 269 |
Appendix | p. 271 |
Notes and References | p. 275 |
Notes and References | p. 285 |
Index | p. 297 |
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