JPEG2000 Standard for Image Compression

JPEG2000 Standard for Image Compression presents readers with the basic background to this multimedia compression technique and prepares the reader for a detailed understanding of the JPEG2000 standard, using both the underlying theory and the principles behind the algorithms of the JPEG2000 standard for scalable image compression. It introduces the VLSI architectures and algorithms for implementation of the JPEG2000 standard in hardware (not available in the current literature), an important technology for a number of image processing applications and devices such as digital camera, color fax, printer, and scanners.

TINKU ACHARYA, PhD, is Chief Science Officer and Senior Executive Vice President of Avisere, Inc., Tucson, Arizona, and an adjunct professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. With seventy-four U.S. patents, fourteen European patents, and more than fifty patents pending, Professor Acharya has been recognized as Intel Corporations "Most Prolific Inventor" in 1999 and 2001 worldwide and for five consecutive years (19972001) in Arizona. He has published three books and more than sixty papers in the area of multimedia computing. <BR> PING-SING TSAI, PhD, is Assistant professor in the Department of Computer Science of the University of Texas-Pan American, in Edinburg, Texas. He has published more than twenty journal and conference papers, holds thirteen patents, and has five patents pending.

Preface

xiii

1 Introduction to Data Compression

1

(22)

1.1 Introduction

1

(1)

1.2 Why Compression?

2

(3)

1.2.1 Advantages of Data Compression

3

(1)

1.2.2 Disadvantages of Data Compression

4

(1)

1.3 Information Theory Concepts

5

(4)

1.3.1 Discrete Memoryless Model and Entropy

5

(1)

1.3.2 Noiseless Source Coding Theorem

6

(2)

1.3.3 Unique Decipherability

8

(1)

1.4 Classification of Compression algorithms

9

(2)

1.5 A Data Compression Model

11

(1)

1.6 Compression Performance

12

(3)

1.6.1 Compression Ratio and Bits per Sample

13

(1)

1.6.2 Quality Metrics

13

(2)

1.6.3 Coding Delay

15

(1)

1.6.4 Coding Complexity

15

(1)

1.7 Overview of Image Compression

15

(2)

1.8 Multimedia Data Compression Standards

17

(3)

1.8.1 Still Image Coding Standard

17

(1)

1.8.2 Video Coding Standards

18

(1)

1.8.3 Audio Coding Standard

18

(1)

1.8.4 Text Compression

19

(1)

1.9 Summary

20

(1)

References

20

(3)

2 Source Coding Algorithms

23

(32)

2.1 Run-length Coding

23

(1)

2.2 Huffman Coding

24

(6)

2.2.1 Limitations of Huffman Coding

27

(1)

2.2.2 Modified Huffman Coding

28

(2)

2.3 Arithmetic Coding

30

(4)

2.3.1 Encoding Algorithm

31

(2)

2.3.2 Decoding Algorithm

33

(1)

2.4 Binary Arithmetic Coding

34

(10)

2.4.1 Implementation with Integer Mathematics

38

(1)

2.4.2 The QM-Coder

39

(5)

2.5 Ziv-Lempel Coding

44

(8)

2.5.1 The LZ77 Algorithm

44

(2)

2.5.2 The LZ78 Algorithm

46

(3)

2.5.3 The LZW Algorithm

49

(3)

2.6 Summary

52

(1)

References

53

(2)

3 JPEG: Still Image Compression Standard

55

(24)

3.1 Introduction

55

(1)

3.2 The JPEG Lossless Coding Algorithm

56

(4)

3.3 Baseline JPEG Compression

60

(15)

3.3.1 Color Space Conversion

60

(1)

3.3.2 Source Image Data Arrangement

61

(1)

3.3.3 The Baseline Compression Algorithm

62

(1)

3.3.4 Discrete Cosine Transform

63

(3)

3.3.5 Coding the DCT Coefficients

66

(6)

3.3.6 Decompression Process in Baseline JPEG

72

(3)

3.4 Progressive DCT-based Mode

75

(1)

3.5 Hierarchical Mode

76

(1)

3.6 Summary

77

(1)

References

78

(1)

4 Introduction to Discrete Wavelet Transform

79

(28)

4.1 Introduction

79

(1)

4.2 Wavelet Transforms

80

(7)

4.2.1 Discrete Wavelet Transforms

82

(1)

4.2.2 Concept of Multiresolution Analysis

83

(2)

4.2.3 Implementation by Filters and the Pyramid Algorithm

85

(2)

4.3 Extension to Two-Dimensional Signals

87

(4)

4.4 Lifting Implementation of the Discrete Wavelet Transform

91

(12)

4.4.1 Finite Impulse Response Filter and Z-transform

92

(1)

4.4.2 Euclidean Algorithm for Laurent Polynomials

93

(1)

4.4.3 Perfect Reconstruction and Polyphase Representation of Filters

94

(2)

4.4.4 Lifting

96

(6)

4.4.5 Data Dependency Diagram for Lifting Computation

102

(1)

4.5 Why Do We Care About Lifting?

103

(1)

4.6 Summary

103

(1)

References

104

(3)

5 VLSI Architectures for Discrete Wavelet Transforms

107

(30)

5.1 Introduction

107

(2)

5.2 A VLSI Architecture for the Convolution Approach

109

(9)

5.2.1 Mapping the DWT in a Semi-Systolic Architecture

110

(2)

5.2.2 Mapping the Inverse DWT in a Semi-Systolic Architecture

112

(4)

5.2.3 Unified Architecture for DWT and Inverse DWT

116

(2)

5.3 VLSI Architectures for Lifting-based DWT

118

(15)

5.3.1 Mapping the Data Dependency Diagram in Pipeline Architectures

119

(1)

5.3.2 Enhanced Pipeline Architecture by Folding

120

(1)

5.3.3 Flipping Architecture

121

(1)

5.3.4 A Register Allocation Scheme for Lifting

121

(3)

5.3.5 A Recursive Architecture for Lifting

124

(1)

5.3.6 A DSP-Type Architecture for Lifting

125

(1)

5.3.7 A Generalized and Highly Programmable Architecture for Lifting

126

(1)

5.3.8 A Generalized Two-Dimensional Architecture

127

(6)

5.4 Summary

133

(1)

References

133

(4)

6 JPEG2000 Standard

137

(26)

6.1 Introduction

137

(2)

6.2 Why JPEG2000?

139

(3)

6.3 Parts of the JPEG2000 Standard

142

(3)

6.4 Overview of the JPEG2000 Part 1 Encoding System

145

(1)

6.5 Image Preprocessing

145

(2)

6.5.1 Tiling

145

(1)

6.5.2 DC Level Shifting

146

(1)

6.5.3 Multicomponent Transformations

146

(1)

6.6 Compression

147

(11)

6.6.1 Discrete Wavelet Transformation

149

(3)

6.6.2 Quantization

152

(1)

6.6.3 Region of Interest Coding

153

(3)

6.6.4 Rate Control

156

(1)

6.6.5 Entropy Encoding

157

(1)

6.7 Tier-2 Coding and Bitstream Formation

158

(1)

6.8 Summary

158

(1)

References

159

(4)

7 Coding Algorithms in JPEG2000

163

(50)

7.1 Introduction

163

(1)

7.2 Partitioning Data for Coding

164

(1)

7.3 Tier-1 Coding in JPEG2000

164

(31)

7.3.1 Fractional Bit-Plane Coding

165

(12)

7.3.2 Examples of BPC Encoder

177

(8)

7.3.3 Binary Arithmetic Coding MQ-Coder

185

(10)

7.4 Tier-2 Coding in JPEG2000

195

(16)

7.4.1 Basic Tag Tree Coding

196

(1)

7.4.2 Bitstream Formation

197

(4)

7.4.3 Packet Header Information Coding

201

(10)

7.5 Summary

211

(1)

References

211

(2)

8 Code-Stream Organization and File Format

213

(14)

8.1 Introduction

213

(1)

8.2 Syntax and Code-Stream Rules

213

(5)

8.2.1 Basic Rules

215

(1)

8.2.2 Markers and Marker Segments Definitions

216

(1)

8.2.3 Headers Definition

216

(2)

8.3 File Format for JPEG2000 Part 1: JP2 format

218

(5)

8.3.1 File Format Organization

220

(1)

8.3.2 JP2 Required Boxes

220

(3)

8.4 Example

223

(2)

8.5 Summary

225

(1)

References

225

(2)

9 VLSI Architectures for JPEG2000

227

(26)

9.1 Introduction

227

(1)

9.2 A JPEG2000 Architecture for VLSI Implementation

228

(3)

9.3 VLSI Architectures for EBCOT

231

(11)

9.3.1 Combinational Logic Blocks

233

(2)

9.3.2 Functionality of the Registers

235

(2)

9.3.3 Control Mechanism for the EBCOT Architecture

237

(5)

9.4 VLSI Architecture for Binary Arithmetic Coding: MQ-Coder

242

(3)

9.5 Decoder Architecture for JPEG2000

245

(1)

9.6 Summary of Other Architectures for JPEG2000

246

(3)

9.6.1 Pass-Parallel Architecture for EBCOT

246

(1)

9.6.2 Memory-Saving Architecture for EBCOT

247

(1)

9.6.3 Computationally Efficient EBCOT Architecture by Skipping

248

(1)

9.7 Summary

249

(1)

References

249

(4)

10 Beyond Part 1 of JPEG2000 Standard

253

(16)

10.1 Introduction

253

(1)

10.2 Part 2: Extensions

253

(8)

10.2.1 Variable DC Offset

254

(1)

10.2.2 Variable Scalar Quantization Offsets

254

(1)

10.2.3 Trellis-Coded Quantization

254

(1)

10.2.4 Visual Masking

255

(1)

10.2.5 Arbitrary Wavelet Decomposition

256

(1)

10.2.6 Arbitrary Wavelet Transformation

257

(1)

10.2.7 Single Sample Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transformation

257

(1)

10.2.8 Multiple Component Transforms

258

(1)

10.2.9 Nonlinear Transformations

259

(2)

10.2.10 Region of Interest Extension

261

(1)

10.2.11 File Format Extension and Metadata Definitions

261

(1)

10.3 Part 3: Motion JPEG2000

261

(3)

10.4 Part 4: Conformance Testing

264

(1)

10.5 Part 5: Reference Software

265

(1)

10.6 Part 6: Compound Image File Format

265

(1)

10.7 Other Parts (7-12)

265

(1)

10.8 Summary

266

(1)

References

267

(2)

Index

269

(4)

About the Authors

273

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JPEG2000 Standard for Image Compression Concepts, Algorithms and VLSI Architectures

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials