Study Abroad in a New Global Century Renewing

Studying abroad has become a key educational means for preparing graduates with the intercultural competencies needed to succeed in our global economy. The federal government, business community, and higher education sector are united in their belief that study abroad is critical to such success. This monograph seeks to address two fundamental questions: Who studies abroad (or who does not) and why? What are the outcomes of study abroad? Increasing and broadening study abroad participation have proven particularly challenging, and the authors look to the research for how it might be improved. Although research suggests positive outcomes of study abroad, existing studies leave educators with some challenging questions. Based on their review, the authors pose recommendations for ways in which study abroad in the twenty-first century can renew its purposes and fulfill its promise.

Executive Summary vii

Foreword xi

Introduction 1

Monograph Purpose 4

Conceptual Framework 5

Sources 7

Audience 8

Author Experiences with Study Abroad 8

Definitions: Study Abroad—What It Is and What It Is Not 9

Globalization, Internationalization, and Study Abroad 11

History and Purposes of Study Abroad 13

Beginnings 15

Post–World War II 17

Study Abroad Post-Vietnam 19

Organizational Advocacy for Study Abroad in a Post-9/11 World 20

Societal and Institutional Purposes of Study Abroad in the Twenty-First Century 23

Summary 25

Types of Programs and Providers 27

Descriptive, Single-Component Schemes 28

Multiple-Criterion Classification Schemes 30

Who Provides Study Abroad 33

Summary 35

Who Studies Abroad and Who Does Not 37

Who Studies Abroad 40

Factors Affecting Intent to Study Abroad and Participation Rates 44

Factors Affecting Men’s and Women’s Participation 48

Factors Affecting Study Abroad Participation for Racial and Ethnic Minorities 52

Effects of Degree Aspirations and Field of Study on

Study Abroad Participation 59

Community College Students 63

Summary 64

Study Abroad Outcomes 67

Intercultural Competence and Global Perspectives 68

Other Educational and Developmental Outcomes 77

General Academic Outcomes 80

Effects of Program Duration 87

Career and Other Long-Term Effects 88

Methodological Weaknesses of Study Abroad Outcomes Literature 90

Summary 93

Study Abroad: Critical Perspectives 95

Critiques of the Unstated Purposes of Study Abroad 96

Critical Studies of the Study Abroad Experience 100

Summary 103

Conclusions, Final Thoughts, and Recommendations 105

Who Participates, Who Does Not, Why, and What to Do About It? 106

Outcomes: The Good, the Bad, and the Indifferent 108

Meeting the Challenge 109

Final Thoughts 117

Notes 119

References 121

Name Index 139

Subject Index 144

About the Authors 151

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Study Abroad in a New Global Century Renewing the Promise, Refining the Purpose, ASHE Higher Education Report

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials