Annual Plant Reviews, Light and Plant Development

, by Whitelam, Garry C.; Halliday, Karen J.

Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.

ISBN: 9781405145381 | 1405145382
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 4/2/2007

Buy New

Print on Demand: 2-4 Weeks. This item cannot be cancelled or returned.

$324.55

Regulatory light signals are detected by an array of specialised, information-transducing photoreceptors, including the phytochrome, cryptochrome and phototropin families of chromoproteins. In recent years the application of genetic, biochemical and molecular studies has led to the identification and characterisation not only of the photoreceptors and their genes, but also of many of the components that act downstream of photoreceptor activation. It is evident that the photoreceptors operate through interactions with one another and with other signalling systems, so forming complex response networks. This volume provides the reader with state-of-the-art accounts of our current understanding of the major classes of higher plant regulatory photoreceptors and the signal transduction networks that comprise plant developmental photobiology. Consideration is also given to the ways in which our knowledge of plant photoreceptors and their signalling networks can be exploited to improve the quality and productivity of commercially-grown plants.

Contributors	p. xiii
Preface	p. xv
Photoreceptors	p. 1
Phytochromes	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
Historical aspects	p. 3
Properties of phyA in vivo	p. 4
Properties in yeast cells	p. 4
In vivo properties of phytochromes	p. 5
In vivo spectroscopy	p. 5
Intracellular localisation of phytochromes	p. 7
Classical methods	p. 7
Spectroscopic methods	p. 7
Cell biological methods	p. 8
Immunocytochemical methods	p. 8
Novel methods	p. 8
Intracellular localisation of phyB in dark and light	p. 9
Intracellular localisation of phyA in dark and light	p. 11
Intracellular localisation of phyC, phyD and phyE in dark and light	p. 12
Phytochrome/PIF3 co-localisation and nuclear speckles	p. 12
Regulation of intracellular localisation of phytochromes	p. 13
Acknowledgements	p. 14
References	p. 15
Cryptochromes	p. 17
Introduction	p. 17
Cryptochrome genes and their evolution	p. 17
Cryptochrome domains, chromophores and structure	p. 20
Domain structure of the cryptochromes	p. 20
Cryptochrome chromophores	p. 21
Photolyase and cryptochrome structure	p. 22
Photolyase structure and reaction mechanism	p. 22
Cryptochrome structure	p. 23
Cryptochrome biochemistry and spectroscopy	p. 25
Phosphorylation	p. 25
Nucleotide-binding and kinase activity	p. 25
DNA-binding activity	p. 26
Electron transfer	p. 27
Expression and biological activity of cryptochromes	p. 28
Expression and light regulation of cryptochromes in planta	p. 28
Cellular localization	p. 31
Growth responses controlled by cryptochromes	p. 31
Regulation of gene expression through cryptochromes	p. 33
Cryptochrome signalling	p. 35
Dimerization and output domains	p. 36
Cryptochrome partners	p. 38
Interaction with COP1	p. 39
Interaction with zeitlupe/ADAGIO 1	p. 39
Interaction with phytochromes	p. 40
Further downstream components	p. 41
Summary	p. 43
Acknowledgements	p. 43
References	p. 43
Phototropins and other LOV-containing proteins	p. 49
Introduction	p. 49
Phototropins and their biological functions	p. 50
Physiological roles in higher plants	p. 50
Physiological roles in lower plants	p. 52
Phototropin structure, localization and activity	p. 53
Phototropin structure and localization	p. 53
Phototropin autophosphorylation	p. 55
Light sensing by the LOV domains	p. 57
LOV-domain photochemistry	p. 57
LOV-domain structure	p. 59
Functional roles of LOV1 and LOV2	p. 60
Light-induced protein movements	p. 62
Phototropin signaling	p. 63
Phototropin-interacting proteins	p. 63
Downstream signaling targets	p. 65
Other LOV-containing proteins	p. 67
LOV-containing proteins in Arabidopsis	p. 67
LOV-containing proteins in fungi	p. 70
LOV-containing proteins in bacteria	p. 72
Conclusions and future perspectives	p. 73
Acknowledgements	p. 73
References	p. 74
Photoreceptor signal transduction	p. 79
Phytochrome-interacting factors	p. 81
Introduction	p. 81
Methodology	p. 81
Initial identification of PIFs	p. 81
Subsequent assay and characterization of the interaction	p. 82
Reverse genetic assessment of functional relevance to phy signalling	p. 83
Phy-interactors	p. 84
PIF3	p. 84
Other bHLH transcription factors and the active phyB binding domain	p. 90
Nucleoside diphosphate kinase 2	p. 93
Phytochrome kinase substrate 1	p. 94
Type 5 protein phosphatase	p. 94
Protein phosphatase 2A	p. 95
Early flowering 3	p. 95
Far-red elongated hypocotyl 1	p. 96
Pre-selected interaction targets	p. 96
Arabidopsis response regulator 4	p. 96
Zeitlupe	p. 97
Cryptochrome 1 and 2	p. 97
AUX/IAA proteins	p. 98
COP1	p. 98
Perspective	p. 99
Acknowledgements	p. 100
References	p. 101
Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation in photoreceptor signalling	p. 106
Introduction	p. 106
The photoreceptors autophosphorylate, but the classical activation loop is not involved	p. 107
Phosphatases in photoreceptor signalling	p. 108
Phytochromes	p. 109
Phosphorylation of phytochrome	p. 109
Phytochrome kinase substrate 1	p. 110
Nucleoside diphosphate kinase 2	p. 111
FYPP	p. 112
PAPP5	p. 113
Cryptochromes	p. 114
Cryptochrome phosphorylation	p. 114
Phosphorylation of the C-terminal end is necessary for signal transduction	p. 115
Phototropins	p. 116
Is phosphorylation/dephosphorylation important for downstream events?	p. 118
HY5	p. 118
Long hypocotyl in far-red light	p. 119
Circadian clock-associated and late elongated hypocotyl	p. 119
EID1	p. 120
Aux/IAA	p. 120
PP7	p. 121
Downstream of phototropin	p. 121
Conclusions	p. 122
References	p. 123
The role of ubiquitin/proteasome-mediated proteolysis in photoreceptor action	p. 128
Introduction	p. 128
Overview of the ubiquitin/proteasome system	p. 129
Ubiquitin conjugation and deconjugation pathways	p. 129
Diversity of E3 Ub ligases	p. 130
26S proteasome	p. 131
Role of COP/DET/FUS proteins in photoreceptor-mediated signal transduction and ubiquitin/proteasome-mediated proteolysis	p. 132
COP/DET/FUS proteins integrate divergent photoreceptor signaling pathways and downstream gene expression	p. 132
COP1	p. 134
Light regulation of COP1 localization	p. 135
COP1 acts as an E3 Ub ligase	p. 136
Interaction between photoreceptors and COP1	p. 137
CDD complex	p. 137
COP10 is an E2 Ub-conjugating enzyme variant	p. 137
COP10 forms a complex with DET1 and DDB1	p. 138
COP9 signalosome	p. 139
Composition and structure of the COP9 signalosome	p. 139
Biochemical activities of the C0P9 signalosome	p. 140
Regulation of cullin-containing E3 Ub ligases by the C0P9 signalosome	p. 140
SPA protein family	p. 142
Other connection points between light signaling and selective proteolysis	p. 143
F-box proteins that are involved in light signaling	p. 143
Other light signaling pathway components that are targets of proteolysis	p. 144
Phytochrome A	p. 144
Cryptochrome 2	p. 144
Phytochrome-interacting factor 3 and far-red elongated hypocotyl 1	p. 145
Concluding remarks	p. 146
References	p. 147
UV-B perception and signal transduction	p. 155
Introduction	p. 155
UV-B in the environment	p. 156
Plant responses to UV-B	p. 157
UV-B perception and signal transduction	p. 159
Non-photomorphogenic UV-B signalling	p. 160
Damage/stress signalling	p. 160
Overlap with defence/wound signalling	p. 162
Photomorphogenic UV-B signalling	p. 163
UV-B perception	p. 164
Signal transduction	p. 166
Genetic approach	p. 167
Screens for UV-B signalling mutants	p. 167
UVR8	p. 170
HY5	p. 173
Other transcription factors involved in UV-B responses	p. 174
Concluding remarks	p. 175
Acknowledgements	p. 176
References	p. 176
Physiological responses	p. 183
Photocontrol of flowering	p. 185
Introduction	p. 185
Internal cues	p. 187
The autonomous pathway	p. 187
The gibberellin-dependent pathway	p. 189
External cues	p. 189
Photoperiodism	p. 189
Long days or short nights?	p. 190
The circadian clock	p. 191
The coincidence model	p. 196
Flowering time mutants of Arabidopsis	p. 197
Application to other species	p. 199
Site of perception of photoperiodic stimulus	p. 200
Shade avoidance	p. 201
Vernalisation	p. 203
Convergence of the flowering pathways	p. 203
Conclusion	p. 205
References	p. 205
Red:far-red ratio perception and shade avoidance	p. 211
Introduction	p. 211
Natural light environment	p. 211
Shade avoidance syndrome	p. 215
Phytochrome regulation of shade avoidance	p. 217
The role of phytochromes B, D and E in R:FR ratio signalling	p. 218
The role of phyA in R:FR ratio signalling	p. 220
The roles of other signals in shade avoidance	p. 221
PAR and B signals	p. 221
Hormone signals	p. 222
Signalling in shade avoidance	p. 224
ATHB-2	p. 224
PLL1	p. 224
R:FR ratio and flowering	p. 226
The adaptive value of shade avoidance	p. 227
Conclusions	p. 228
References	p. 229
Photoreceptor interactions with other signals	p. 235
Introduction	p. 235
Light-clock connections	p. 235
The clock	p. 235
Photoentrainment	p. 237
Light control of flowering time	p. 239
Light-hormone connections	p. 240
Light and auxin signal integration	p. 240
Light regulation of auxin biosynthesis and transport	p. 241
Signalling components shared by light and auxin	p. 242
Light regulation of the GH3 gene family	p. 242
Role of Aux/IAAs and proteolysis in light and auxin signalling	p. 243
The tropisms	p. 244
Light and auxin control of shoot phototropism	p. 245
Phytochrome and cryptochrome modification of shoot phototropism	p. 246
Root phototropism	p. 247
Gravitropism	p. 247
Light regulation of gravitropism	p. 248
Light and GA signal integration	p. 249
Phytochrome regulation of GA biosynthesis and homeostasis	p. 249
Light regulation of GA signalling	p. 250
The thermosensory pathways	p. 251
Summary	p. 255
References	p. 256
Applied aspects of photomorphogenesis	p. 265
Photoreceptor biotechnology	p. 267
Introduction and background	p. 267
Approaches to modification of photomorphogenic responses in crop plants	p. 268
Dwarfing plants using photoreceptors	p. 268
The shade-avoidance response	p. 269
Control of gene expression and shade avoidance	p. 270
Alteration of the timing of flowering	p. 271
Taxonomic differences and similarities in higher plants	p. 272
Modification of photomorphogenesis using genetic transformation - the state of the art	p. 273
Plants transgenic for phytochromes	p. 273
Modification of other photoreceptors	p. 276
Overexpression of signaling components	p. 278
Modification of photomorphogenesis by utilizing genetic diversity	p. 278
Natural variation in photomorphogenesis	p. 278
Photoreceptors and photomorphogenic genes as targets for selection in crops	p. 280
Photoreceptor biotechnology ex planta	p. 281
Using phytochrome to control gene expression	p. 281
Phytochromes as fluorescent probes	p. 282
Other potential uses of photoreceptors	p. 284
Future directions in photoreceptor biotechnology	p. 284
Acknowledgements	p. 285
References	p. 285
Light-quality manipulation by horticulture industry	p. 290
Introduction	p. 290
Regions of light spectrum important for plant growth and development	p. 290
Plant responses to quality of light	p. 292
Light manipulation by horticulture industry	p. 293
Electric light sources	p. 294
Spectral filters	p. 295
Greenhouse covers	p. 295
Photoselective nets	p. 300
Coloured plastic mulch	p. 305
Future prospects	p. 307
References	p. 307
Index	p. 313
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Please wait while the item is added to your bag...

FREE SHIPPING

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Annual Plant Reviews, Light and Plant Development

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials