Bio-Nanomaterials Designing Materials Inspired by Nature

Written by authors from different fields to reflect the interdisciplinary nature of the topic, this book guides the reader through new nano-materials processing inspired by nature.
Structured around general principles, each selection and explanation is motivated by particular biological case studies. This provides the background for elucidating the particular principle in a second section. In the third part, examples for applying the principle to materials processing are given, while in a fourth subsection each chapter is supplemented by a selection of relevant experimental and theoretical techniques.

Wolfgang Pompe is retired professor of Materials Science at the Technische Universit?t Dresden, Germany. Having obtained his academic degrees in physics, he spent his main academic career in the Institute of Solid State Physics and Materials Research Dresden of the Academy of Sciences of the GDR, and since 1991 at the Technische Universit?t, with a 1.5 year stay as a visiting professor at the University of California Santa Barbara, USA.

Gerhard R?del is Head of the Institute of Genetics at the Technische Universit?t Dresden. He obtained his academic degrees from the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit?t M?nchen, Germany, where he worked as Post-doc before taking up the appointment for a professorship in Molecular Biology and General Pathology at the Univerisity Ulm, Germany. In 1994, Professor R?del was appointed as Professor of Genetics at the Technische Universit?t Dresden. Since 2006 he is Speaker of the Dresden International Graduate School for Biomedicine and Bioengineering.

Michael Mertig is head of the "BioNanotechnology and Structure Formation Group" at the Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials at Dresden University of Technology. Having obtained his academic degrees in physics at Dresden University of Technology, he spent most of his career in low-temperature physics and nanotechnology. He started to work in the field of bionanotechnology in 1994.

Hans-J?rgen Weiss has worked as a physicist in materials science at the Institute of Solid State Physics and Materials Research Dresden and at the Fraunhofer Institute of Materials and Beam Technology Dresden. He has approached various phenomena in fossils from a materials science viewpoint in order to obtain new insight in the sequence of fossilisation processes.

CONTENT
1. Motivation
- Biomimetics
- The bottom-up approach in bionanotechnology
- Philosophical (ethical) aspects
2. Self assemblation
2.1 Molecular building units
2.1.1 Biological case studies:
- DNA
- Proteins
2.1.2 Basic principles:
- Folding of globular proteins as a morphological phase transition
2.1.3 Molecular bioengineering:
Case studies:
- Physical application of pure DNA (electronic, photonic, magnetic, DNA nanomachines)
- Hydrophobine
- Protein based nanomachines
- eGFP- antigen constructs
- S-layer -
DNA constructs
2.1.4 Methodical tools:
- DNA immobilization
- Fusion proteins
- Molecular combing
- Contact printing
2.2 Nucelation and growth
2.2.1 Biological case study:
Bacterial surface-layer assemblation
2.2.2 Basic principles:
Theory of cluster nucleation and growth.
2.2.3 Molecular bioengineering:
Case studies:
- Formation of biomolecular nanotubes (microtubules, S-layers)
- CNT- biohybrides.
2.2.4 Methodical tools:
- Monte Carlo simulation
- Aggregation models
- Self stresses in thin films,
- Morphological phase diagram
- Dielectrophoresis
3. Self organization
3.1 Molecular Recognition
3.1.1 Biological case study:
Virus- HA receptor interaction
3.1.2 Basic principles:
Thermodynamics of reaction systems (protein interaction)
3.1.3 Molecular bioengineering:
Case studies:
- Self organizing DNA network including DNA tubes
- Aptamer concept
- Biosensors (DNA, proteins)
- DNA computing
3.1.4 Methodical tools:
- Design of DNA- networks
- SPR sensors
3.2 Templated structure formation
3.2.1 Biological case studies:
- Biomineralization
- Biologically induced iron oxide sediments
- Biosorption and biotransformation by bacteria
3.2.2 Basic principles:
Heterogeneous nucleation and growth
3.2.3 Molecular bioengineering:
- Nanoclusters
Case study:
- Growth of precious metal clusters in bacteria, and on S-layers.
- Nanowires
Case study:
- Metallized DNA
Thin films
Case study:
- Nanostructured electrodes
3.2.4 Methodical tools:
- Metal deposition in aqueous solution
4. Inhibition and growth
4.1 Inhibition and growth in finite reaction volumes
4.1.1 Biological case studies:
- Growth of nanoclusters in bacteria, membrane controlled biochemistry
- Biomineralization of hydroxyapatite in bone
- Example from palaeobotanics
4.1.2 Basic principles:
Thermodynamics of nucleation and growth in finite reaction volumes
4.1.3 Molecular bioengineering
Case studies:
- Nanocrystalline bone cement
- Precious metal cluster formation in biopolymer cages or polymer cages
4.1.4 Methodical tool
4.2 Kinetically controlled inhibition and growth
4.2.1 Biological case studies:
- Pattern development in biomineralization
- Focal adhesions of fibronectin at functionalized surfaces
- Bone remodeling, osteoporosis
4.2.2 Basic principles:
- Laplacian growth, moving boundary problem, morphological phase diagram
- Dissipative structures
- Non-linear reaction diffusion systems, activator-inhibitor model
4.2.3 Molecular bioengineering:
Design of patterned bio-functionalized polymer surfaces for cell adhesion
and stem cell engineering
4.2.4 Methodical tools:
- Bifurcation analysis, chaotic structures
- Fluctuations-dissipations theorem
5. Cellular organization
5.1 Hierarchical structures
5.1.1 Biological case studies:
- Wood
- Bone.
5.1.2 Basic principles:
- Slaving coordinates derived from properties controlling mechanisms on different scales,
- Mechanics of hierarchical structures
5.1.3 Molecular bioengineering:
- Biomorphic materials synthesis
- Biocers
- Tissue engineering
5.1.4 Methodical tools:
- Multiscale structure analysis
- Multiscale modeling
5.2 Cellular signaling and feedback
5.2.1 Biological case studies:
- Physico-chemical communication mechanisms (extracellular, intracellular)
of living cells (signal exchange connected with a significant change of the cell status)
- Yeast cell communication,
- Quorum sensing,
- Bone remodeling, osteoporosis
5.2.2 Basic principles:
- Percolation
- Mechanical interaction: The tensegrity concept
- Chemical interaction
- Electric interaction
- Other physical interactions: optical interaction
5.2.3 Molecular bioengineering:
- Whole cell biosensors.
- Sensor-actor structures
- Cell computing
- Hard tissue engineering for bone replacement
5.2.4 Methodical tools:
- Immobilization of living microorganisms
- Cellular automatons for communicating systems
- Bio-continuum models of cell- materials interaction